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THE HORTICULTURIST'S RULE-BOOK 



ffiartren^Craft Series 

The Horticulturist's Rule-Book 
Plant-Breeding 



THE HORTICULTUEIST'S 



BULE-BOOK 



A COMPENDIUM OF USEFUL 
INFORMATION FOR 



Fruit- Growers, Truck- Gardeners, 
Florists, and Others 



BY 

L. H. BAILEY 



NEW AND REVISED EDITION 



Neto gork 
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 

1908 

AH rights reserved 






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Copyright, 1895, 
By L. H. bailey. 



Set up and electrotyped May, 1895. Pcprintcd February 
1896; May, 1897; August, 1898; August, 1899; June, 1901; 
October, NoTcmber, 1902 ; February, 1904; July, 1905; January. 
1907 ; May, June, 1908. 



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Nortooot) 33«»» 

J. 8. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith 
Norwood Ma«8. U.S.A. 



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PREFACE TO THE THIED EDITION. 



The first edition of this manual was published late 
in 1889, and the second early in 1892, both by the 
Rural Publishing Company. When the first edition 
was compiled, the modern or current methods of 
dealing with insect and fungous pests upon large 
and commercial plantations were in their first experi- 
mental stage. The volume, therefore, recorded the 
inexact knowledge of the time. It is only within 
the last two years that the methods of meeting these 
troubles have come to be generally accepted by horti- 
culturists, and that experimenters have felt that they 
could give confident advice respecting the many mix- 
tures, appliances, and operations which have been 
recommended in all quarters. It is time, therefore, 
that a third and complete edition of this handbook 
should be issued, to record and advise those practices 
which have been approved by experiment and experi- 
ence. The contents of the volume have been gleaned 
from many sources, and whilst the compiler cannot 
assume the responsibility of the value of the many 
recipes and recommendations, he has exercised every 
care to select only those which he considers to be 



vi PREFACE. 

reliable. At the same time, tlie book has been thor- 
oughly renovated in all departments, and it has been 
much extended to meet the needs of the many inquir- 
ies which are born of the recent teaching and experi- 
menting in rural affairs. A chapter has been added 
upon greenhouse work and heating, and another upon 
the current literature of American horticulture. In its 
completed form, therefore, it is hoped that the volume 
will serve to codify and epitomize the best part of the 
scattered and disconnected horticultural advice and 
practices of the time. 

L. H. BAILEY. 
Cornell University, 
Ithaca, N.Y., March 30, 1895. 



PEEFACE TO THE FODETH EDITION. 

Although the third edition was given to the public 
only last May, a fourth edition is now called for by 
the publishers. I have made various corrections and 
explanations in the text, and have added paragraphs 
upon yields of leading seed-crops, the customs regula- 
tions, methods of preserving posts in vineyards and 
other places, some figures of grape packing, a state- 
ment of the pollination of grapes, and a scheme for 
the classification of horticultural industries ; and the 
index has been extended until it now comprises about 
two thousand entries. 

L. H. BAILEY. 

January 1, 1896. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

PAOS 

Insecticides 1 



CHAPTER II. 
Injukious Insects, with Remedies and Preventives . 17 

CHAPTER III. 
FuNGicaDES, FOR Plant-Diseases 46 

CHAPTER IV. 
Plant-Diseases, with Preventives and Remedies . 52 

CHAPTER V. 

Injuries from Mice, Rabbits, Squirrels, and Birds, 

WITH Preventives and Remedies . . . . 77 

CHAPTER VI. 

Lawns. Weeds and Moss 82 

vii 



Vlll CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER VII. 

PAGE 

Waxes for Grafting and for Wounds . . ; 86 

. CHAPTER VIII. 
Cements, Mortars, Paints, and Glues ... 90 

CHAPTER IX. 
Seed-Tables 98 

CHAPTER X. 
Planting-Tables 108 

CHAPTER XI. 
Maturities, Yields, and Multiplication . . . 123 

CHAPTER XII. 
Computation Tables 129 

CHAPTER XIII. 
Greenhouse and Window-Garden Work and Esti- 



mates 



154 



CHAPTER XIV. 



Methods of Keeping and Storing Fruits and Vege- 
tables. Market Dates . . .... 168 

CHAPTER XV. 

Collecting and Preserving Specimens for Cabinets 

OR Exhibition. Perfumery. Labels. Wood . 180 



CONTENTS. IX 

CHAPTER XVI. 

PAGE 

EuLES 193 

CHAPTER XVII. 
Postal and Impost Regulations 215 

CHAPTER XVIII. 
The Weather 220 

CHAPTER XIX. 
Literature 229 

CHAPTER XX. 
Names, Histories, and Classification .... 241 

CHAPTER XXI. 
Elements, Symbols, and Analyses .... 259 

CHAPTER XXII. 
Glossary , 277 

INDEX 293 



HOETICULTUEIST'S ETJLE-BOOK. 



CHAPTER I. 

INSECTICIDES. 

The results obtained from the use of any insecticide 
or fungicide depend upon the operator. Timeliness, 
thoroughness, and persistence are the watchwords of 
success. It is easier to keep an enemy away than 
to drive him away. The worst foes are often the 
smallest ones ; and the injury is often done before 
they are detected. Be ready, and begin early. 

Insecticides are of three general types, — liquid 
spray, powder, and fumes or vapor. 

Arsenic. — Known to chemists as arsenious acid, or white oxide 
of arsenic. It is considered an unsafe insecticide, as its 
color allows it to be mistaken for other substances ; but 
in its various compounds, it forms our best insecticides. 
From 1 to 2 grains, or less, usually prove fatal to an adult ; 
30 grains will usually kill a horse, 10 grains a cow ; and 
1 grain, or less, is usually fatal to a dog. In case of 
poisoning, while awaiting the arrival of a physician, give 
emetics, and, after free vomiting, give milk and eggs. 
Sugar and magnesia in milk is useful. 

B 1 



2 horticulturist's rule-book. 

White arsenic, when applied in solution to foliage, is 
injurious. The poison can be used with lime, however, 
if treated as follows : Boil 1 pound of arsenic and . 2 
pounds of lime in 3 or 4 gallons of water, for half an 
hour. The sediment, an arsenite of lime, can then be 
used in about 100 gallons of water, with good results. 
Arsenites. — A term popularly used for compounds of arsenic. 
The leading arsenites used in destroying insects are Paris 
green and London purple. 

Arsenate op Lead. — This compound of arsenic has re- 
cently come into use, and it promises to be of much value. 
It was first suggested by F. C. Moulton, in 1892, and has 
since been tested in the extermination of the Gipsy-moth 
in Massachusetts. When used at the rate of 2 pounds in 
150 gallons of water, it was effective in destroying the 
larvae of the moths, while the foliage of apple trees was 
uninjured when the poison was used at the rate of 24 
pounds in 150 gallons of water. The arsenate of lead 
may be prepared by dissolving 11 ounces of the acetate 
of lead in one vessel, and 4 ounces of arsenate of soda in 
another. When these two solutions are mixed, there is 
formed a fine white powder, which is sufficient for 150 
gallons of water. 

London Purple. — An arsenite of lime, obtained as a by- 
product in the manufacture of aniline dyes. The compo- 
sition is variable. The amount of arsenic varies from 30 
to over 50 per cent. The two following analyses show 
its composition: 1. Arsenic, 43.65 per cent; rose aniline, 

, 12.46 ; lime, 21.82 ; insoluble residue, 14.57 ; iron oxide, 
1.16; and water, 2.27. 2. Arsenic, 55.35 per cent; lime, 
26.23 ; sulphuric acid, 0.22 ; carbonic acid, 0.27 ; moisture, 
5.29. It is a finer powder than Paris green, and therefore 
remains longer in suspension in water. It is used in the 
same manner as Paris green, but is sometimes found to be 
more caustic on foliage. This injury is due to the presence 
of much soluble arsenic ; but it can be averted by the use 
of lime, as advised under Paris green. , 



INSECTICIDES. 3 

Paris Green. — An aceto-arsenite of copper. When pure, 
it contains about 58 per cent of arsenic ; but the commer- 
cial article usually contains less — often as little as 30 per 
cent, and rarely none. The following may be considered 
an average analysis : Arsenic, 47.68 per cent ; copper oxide, 
27.47 ; sulphuric acid, 7.16 ; moisture, 1.35 ; insoluble resi- 
due, 2.34. It is applied in either a wet or dry condition ; 
but in any case, it must be much diluted. For making a 
dry mixture, plaster, flour, air-slaked lime, road dust, or 
sifted wood ashes may be used. The strength of the mix- 
ture required depends upon the plants and insects to which 
it is to be applied. The strongest dry mixture now recom- 
mended is 1 part of poison to 50 of the diluent ; but if the 
mixing is very thoroughly done, 1 part to 100, or even 200, 
is sufficient. 

Paris green is practically insoluble in water. When mixed 
with watei:, the mixture must be kept in a constant state 
of agitation, else the poison will settle, and the liquid from 
the bottom of the cask will be so strong as to do serious 
damage, while that from the top will be useless. For 
potatoes, apple trees, and most species of shade trees, 1 
pound of poison to 200 or 250 gallons of water is a good 
mixture. For the stone fruits, 1 pound to 300, or even 
350, gallons of water is a strong enough mixture. Peach 
trees are very apt to be injured by arsenites ; and for them 
the mixture should be no stronger than 1 pound to 300 
gallons. In all cases, the liquid should be applied with 
force, in a very fine spray. At some seasons of the year, 
foliage is more liable to injury than at others. The addi- 
tion of a little lime (twice the bulk of lime as of Paris 
green) to the mixture, will prevent any caustic injury 
upon the foliage. 

Spraying with Paris green or London purple does not 
endanger stock pastured in the orchard. 

Combinations of Arsenites and Fungicides. — The arse- 
nites may be used in connection with some fungicides, and 
both insects and plant diseases in this manner may be 



horticulturist's rule-book. 



combated at the same time. The arsenites may be added 
to Bordeaux mixture in the same proportion as if the 
Bordeaux were plain water. The arsenites are also some- 
times added to soap and other washes. 

The addition of lime to Paris green and London purple 
mixtures greatly lessens injury to foliage, and, as a conse- 
quence, they can be applied several times stronger than 
ordinarily used, if they are combined with the Bordeaux 
mixture. The free lime in the mixture combines with the 
soluble arsenic, which is the material that injures the 
foliage, and the combination is thus made quite harmless. 

London purple and Paris green should rarely be applied 
with the ammoniacal carbonate of copper, as the ammonia 
in the latter dissolves the arsenic, making the combination 
caustic. The addition of sulphate of copper to the arsenites 
also increases injury. 

Bait. — 1. Paris green or London purple, 1 ounce ; chopped 
grass or leaves, 8 ounces ; and enough syrup to allow the 
mass to be worked into balls, which are spread about the 
garden. For wire- worm beetles, crickets, katydids, etc. 

2. Bran, 40 pounds ; middlings, 15 pounds; arsenic, 20 
pounds ; cheap syrup, 2 gallons. Mix in soft water to a 
paste. For grasshoppers and cut-worms. 

Benzine. — Sometimes used to kill weevils and other insects in 
dry peas, corn, and grain. Less useful than bisulphide of 
carbon. 

Bisulphide of carbon. — A thin liquid which volatilizes at a 
very low temperature, the vapor being very destructive to 
animal life. It is exceedingly inflammable, and should 
never be used near a lamp or fire. It is used for many 
root-insects. It is poured into a hole, which is immediately 
closed up, causing the fumes to permeate the soil in all 
directions. In loose soils it is very destructive to insects. 
It is also inserted in tight receptacles to kill such insects as 
pea-weevil and museum pests, where a teaspoonful is suffi- 
cient for a receptacle holding 2 or 3 gallons. It may also be 
used for mites and mealy-bugs on live plants. For this 



INSECTICIDES. 6 

purpose, the plant is covered with a tight receptacle, and 1 
fluid dram (60 drops or minims) is sufficient for a space 
equal to about 6 to 8 cubic feet. 

Bisulphide of carbon and kerosene. — 1 part of bisulphide 
of carbon mixed with from 5 to 20 parts of kerosene will 
produce vapor sufficient to kill many grain-eating insects. 

Burning. — Larvae which live or feed in webs, like the tent- 
caterpillar and fall web-worm, may be burned with a torch. 
The lamp or torch used in campaign parades finds its most 
efficient use here. 

Carbolic acid and soap mixtures. — 1 pint crude carbolic 
acid; 1 quart soft soap; 2 gallons hot water. Mix thoroughly. 
This wash is used for borers, and for scale-insects. Apply 
with a cloth or soft broom. Use only on dormant wood. 

Carbolic acid and -water. — Add 1 part of acid to from 50 to 
100 parts of water. For root-insects. 

Carbolic acid emulsion. — 1 pound hard soap or 1 quart soft 
soap dissolved in 1 gallon boiling water, and add 1 pint of 
crude carbolic acid, and emulsify by agitation. One part 
is used in 30 parts of water for cabbage-maggots and other 
root-insects. 

Carbolized plaster. — Stir 1 pint of crude carbolic acid into 
50 pounds of land plaster. Or, quicklime may be slaked 
with the acid. The powder is thrown over the tree when 
the dew is on, as a remedy for the curculio. It should be 
applied profusely. This is used by some peach and plum 
growers for the curculio, with apparent success, but it is of 
doubtful efficiency. 

Carbon bisulphide. — See Bisulphide of Carbon, p. 4. 

Cement wash. — 5 tablespoonfuls hydraulic cement to 1 
gallon sour milk or buttermilk. Mix, and apply at once 
to base of peach trees as remedy for borer (N. Carolina 
Experiment Station). 

Coal-tar fumes. — Burn rags coated with coal-tar attached to 
a pole. Remedy for aphis, but little used. 

Copperas (sulphate of iron) . — 1 ounce of copperas to a pail 
of water is sometimes effective in destroying root-insects. 



6 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Little used except when forming a saturated solution, to 
which may be added about 1 % of sulphuric acid. This is 
a standard remedy against grape anthracnose in Europe, 
in winter. 

Corrosive sublimate wash. — Dissolve 1 ounce corrosive sub- 
limate in 1 pint alcohol, stir in 10 gallons soft soap, and 
add water to make a stiff paint. Apply to base of trees 
with brush for borers and woolly root-louse. Recom- 
mended by N. Carolina Experiment Station. 

Fumigation. — Fumigating or "Smoking" or "Smudging" 
in greenhouses is performed by the slow burning of tobacco 
stems. Best results are obtained when a sheet-iron vessel 
made for the purpose is used, having holes in the bottom to 
supply draft. A quart of live coals is placed in the bottom 
of the vessel, and about a pailful of tobacco stems is laid 
on them. The stems should not blaze, but burn with a 
slow smudge. If they are slightly damp, better results are 
obtained. Some plants are injured by a very heavy smoke, 
and in order to avoid this injury, and also to more effectually 
destroy the insects, it is better to smoke rather lightly and 
often. It is always well to smoke on two consecutive days, 
for the insects which persist through the first treatment, 
being.weak, will be killed by the second. If the plants are 
wet, the smoke is more likely to scorch them. The smudge 
often injures flowers, as those of roses and chrysanthe- 
mums. In order to avoid this injury, the flowers should be 
covered with paper bags. For aphids (green-fly or plant- 
lice). See Tobacco. 

Gas (Hydrocyanic), for scale -insects. — 3 oz. water, 1 fl. 
oz. sulphuric acid. 1 oz. 60 per cent cyanide potassium. 
Gas arising (very poisonous) is sufficient for covered space 
of 150 cu. ft. For dormant trees. Expose 1 hour. 

Glue and arsenites wash. — Common glue 1 pound, soaked 
a few hours in cold water and then dissolved in ^ gallon of 
hot water ; add 1 ounce Paris green, stir well, and add hot 
water till the mixture measures 2 gallons. For preventing 
the attacks of borers. Recommended in various writings, 



INSECTICIDES. 7 

but to be used with great caution, if at all. If applied' in 
the growing season, or more than once, especially upon 
young trees, it is apt to kill the bark. If the Paris green 
contains soluble arsenic, much harm may be expected to 
result. 

Hellebore. — See White Hellebore. 

Hot "v^ater. — Submerge affected plants or branches in water 
at a temperature of about 125". For aphis. It will also 
kill rose-bugs at a temperature of 125°-135°. 

Kerosene. — In pure state, kerosene has been used as an 
insecticide upon many plants, with various results. It 
does not appear to injure the coleus, grape, peach, and pea, 
but does injure the potato, tomato, and gooseberry and 
other plants. It is not to be recommended unless in the 
form of emulsion, however, or much diluted. 

Under the name of paraffine oil it is used in England as 
follows : When plants are infested with lice, wet them at 
intervals of three or four days for about three weeks with 
diluted paraffine in the proportion of a wineglassful to 
watering-can of water. 

Kerosene emulsion. — 1. Cook's emulsion. Soft soap 1 
quart, or hard soap — preferably whale-oil soap — \ pound ; 
2 quarts hot water ; 1 pint kerosene. Stir until all are 
permanently mixed, and then dilute with water to one-half 
or one-third strength. A good way to make the emulsion 
permanent is to pump the mixture back into the receptacle 
several times. Makes a permanent emulsion with either 
hard or soft water. 

2. The Hubbard-Riley, or standard emulsion. Hard 
soap, ^ pound ; boiling soft water, 1 gallon ; kerosene, 2 
gallons. Churn or pump the ingredients vigorously 15 or 
20 minutes. Dilute 10 or more times when using. 

Two ounces balsam of fir added to the above appears to 
increase its efficiency, and it causes it to adhere to foliage 
better. ^ pint spirits of turpentine is sometimes added. 

3. Pyrethro- kerosene emulsion. In the place of pure 
kerosene in the above emulsions, use a kerosene decoction 



8 horticulturist's rule-book. 

■ of pyrethrum, made by filtering 1 gallon of kerosene through 
21 pounds of pyrethrum. Valuable. 

Kerosene and condensed milk emulsion. — Keroser^e, 2 
gallons, or 64 per cent of the entire mixture ; condensed 
milk, 4 cans of f pint, or 12 1 per cent; water, twice the 
quantity of milk, or 25 per cent. 

Kerosene and milk emulsion. — Sour milk, 1 gallon ; kero- 
sene oil, 2 gallons ; warm to a blood heat and mix thor- 
oughly. Dilute 10 times with water. For scale-insects and 
plant-lice. 

Kerosene and water emulsion. — Goff atomizes kerosene and 
water as follows : To the Woodason atomizing bellows a 
small cup is attached directly in front of the fount for hold- 
ing the liquid to be atomized. From this cup a very slender 
copper tube is passed through the side of the fount where it 
enters the larger tube that conducts the liquid from the 
fount to the mouth of the bellows. It then curves upward, 
passing through the centre of this tube as far as the mouth 
of the bellows, where both come to an end at the same 
point. Kerosene is then placed in the added cup, and water 
in the fount. On working the bellows the liquids are 
atomized together. The proportion of kerosene emitted 
will depend upon the relative diameters of the two tubes, 
but it may also be regulated by the relative depths of the 
liquid in their respective founts. A better way would be 
to use but a single fount and to divide this into two parts, 
one for kerosene and the other for water. This would per- 
mit the mouth of the bellows to be brought nearer to the 
plant to be atomized. 

The value of kerosene applied in this manner is not yet 
fully determined. 

Lead, arsenate of. — See under Arsenites. 

Lime spray. — Slake | peck or a peck of lime in a barrel of 
water, straining the lime as it enters the barrel to prevent 
its clogging the pump. Apply in a spray until the tree 
appears as if whitewashed. For rose-chafer. 
London purple. — See under Arsenites. 



INSECTICIDES. 9 

Lye wash. — 1 pound concentrated, lye, or potash 1^ pounds, 
to 3 gallons water. On an average, 1 bushel of good wood 
ashes contains about 4 pounds of potash. For scale-insects. 
Common home-made lye is often diluted with water and 
applied to apple branches with a brush as a remedy for the 
bark-louse. It is also recommended as a remedy for the 
cabbage-worm, being sprinkled on the cabbages with a 
watering-pot. If concentrated lye is used, a pound should 
be diluted with a barrel of water. 

Lye find sulphur wash. — Concentrated lye, 1 pound, or pot- 
ash, 1^ pounds ; sulphur, 1| pounds ; water, 3 gallons. For 
scale-insects. 

Lye and whale-oil soap wash. — (a) Dissolve 1 pound of 
concentrated lye in one gallon of water; add to this l.| 
pounds of sulphur and boil until sulphur is dissolved. (6) 
Dissolve 14 pounds of- the best whale-oil soap in 54 gallons 
of water; add solution a to & and boil for a short time. 
For scale; used as a summer wash when the first brood is 
hatching. Use at 130° Fahrenheit, thoroughly washing the 
trunks and larger branches and spraying the smaller 
branches and twigs. 

Oil and alkali wash. — 1. li^ gallons of whale oil, 25 pounds 
sal-soda ; dissolve the sal-soda in 25 gallons of water and 
heat it to boiling. When boiling, pour the whale oil in. 
Apply the wash when cooled to 130° Fahrenheit. 

2. 1 pound of concentrated lye (American) of 80 per 
cent ; or f of a pound of Greenbank powdered caustic 
soda, of 98 per cent ; or 1 pound of solid caustic soda, of 
76 per cent ; or 1^ pounds of solid caustic soda of 63 per 
cent. These varying proportions are given because the 
caustic sodas in the markets are of different strengths and 
purity. Whichever one is chosen, add to each amount 
named i pound of commercial potash and dissolve in 6 
gallons of water. 

Both washes are for scale- insects on deciduous trees in 
winter. (Calif ornian.) 

Paraffine oil. — Essentially the same as Kerosexk, which see. 



10 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Paris green. — See under Arsenites. 

Persian insect powder. — See Pyrethrum. 

Plaster and kerosene. — 2 quarts of plaster or wood ashes, 
1 tablespoonful of kerosene. Mix, and rub with the hands 
until the oil is well incorporated. Bone-flour may be sub- 
stituted for the plaster. Repellent ; used mostly for flea- 
beetles and striped squash -beetles. 

Plaster and turpentine. — 2 quarts common land plaster, 1 
or 2 tablespoonf uls of turpentine, mixed and used as in the 
preceding. 

Potash. — Kainit, 1 ounce to a pint of water, applied in a 
spray, is recommended for aphis and various leaf-eating 
larvse. Muriate of potash, applied in the same strength, is 
as good, but is more likely to injure the plants. Rarely 
used. 

Potassic fertilizers have been recommended as insecti- 
cides against various ground insects. 

Promoting growth. — Any course that tends to promote vigor 
will be helpful in enabling plants to withstand the attacks 
of plant-lice and other insects. 

Pyrethrum. — A very fine and light brown powder made 
from the flower-heads of species of pyrethrum. It is 
scarcely injurious to man. Three brands are upon the 
market : 
Persian insect-powder, made from the heads of Pyrethrum 
roseum, a species also cultivated as an ornamental plant. 
The plant is native to the Caucasus region. 
Dalmatian insect-powder, made from Pyrethrum cinerar- 

ioefolium. 
BuHACH, made in California from cultivated plants of P. 
cineraricefolium. 

When fresh and pure, all these brands appear to be 
equally valuable, but the home-grown product is usually 
considered most reliable. Pyrethrum soon loses its value 
when exposed to the air. It is used in various ways : 

1. In solution in water, 1 ounce to 3 gallons. 

2. Dry, without dilution. In this form it is excellent for 



INSECTICIDES. 11 

thrips and lice on roses and other bushes. Apply when 
the bush is wet. Useful for aphis on house plants. 

3. Dry, diluted with flour or any light and fine powder. 
The poison may be used in the proportion of 1 part to from 
6 to 30 of the diluent. 

4. In fumigation. It may be scattered directly upon 
coals, or made into small balls by wetting and moulding 
with the hands and then set upon coals. This is a desir- 
able way of dealing with mosquitoes and flies. 

5. In alcohol. (1) Put 1 part of pyrethrum (buhach) 
and 4 parts alcohol, by weight, in any tight vessel. Shake 
occasionally, and after 8 days filter. Apply with an 
atomizer. Excellent for greenhouse pests. For some 
plants it needs to be diluted a little. (2) Dissolve about 4 
ounces of powder in 1 gill of alcohol, and add 12 gallons 
of water. 

6. Decoction. Whole flower-heads are treated to boiling 
water, and the liquid is covered to prevent evaporation. 
Boiling the liquid destroys its value. 

7. Water extract. Pour 2 quarts hot water through 
about a half-pound of pyrethrum, held in a coarse bag, and 
then add cold water enough to make 2 gallons, and it is 
well to stir in the powder itself. For aphis and cabbage- 
worms. It will keep but a few days. Or the extract can 
be made as follows : Make a paste of 2 tablespoonfuls of 
pyrethrum by adding water. Stir this into 2 gallons of 
water and apply with a fine nozzle. This is recommended 
for the rose-chafer. 

8. Pyrethro-kerosene emulsion. See under Kerosene 

EMULSION. 

Good insect-powder can be made from Pyrethrum 
roseum^ and probably also from P. cineraricefolium, which 
are grown in the home garden. 
Quassia. — Boil 4 ounces of quassia chips 10 minutes in a gal- 
lon of water ; strain off the chips and add 4 ounces of soft 
soap, which should be stirred as it cools. Apply with 
syringe or brush. Ten or fifteen minutes after it has been 



12 horticulturist's rule-book. 

applied, give the plant a good syringing with clean water. 
For plant-lice. Practically out of use in the United States. 

Resin and fish-oil soap. — 20 pounds of resin, 1 gallon of 
fish-oil, 8 pounds of caustic soda, and enough water to 
make 100 gallons. The caustic soda is first dissolved in 
about 16 gallons of water, after which i of the solution is 
taken out and the resin added to that remaining in the 
kettle. When all the resin is dissolved, the fish-oil is 
added to it, and the whole thoroughly stirred, after which 
the balance of the caustic soda solution is added very 
slowly and boiled for about an hour, or until it will readily 
mix with water. Use an iron kettle. For scale-insects on 
orange and olive. (Calif ornian.) 

Resin and petroleum soap. — Water, 100 gallons ; resin, 
17|- pounds; soda (60 per cent), 7 pounds; fish-oil, 3 
pounds ; petroleum, 2 pounds. The resin, soda, and fish- 
oil, with 20 gallons water, are boiled together for four 
hours, when the kerosene is added and the whole is 
thoroughly stirred. While hot, place in a barrel and add 
the remaining 80 gallons water, and emulsify by thoroughly 
stirring. For scale on citrous trees. 

Resin soap. — Ingredients for one barrel of 50 gallons : 10 
pounds caustic soda, 98 per cent ; 10 pounds, potash ; 40 
pounds tallow; 40 pounds resin. First. — Dissolve the 
potash and soda in 10 gallons of water. When dissolved, 
place the whole amount in the barrel to be used. Second. — 
Dissolve the tallow and resin together. When dissolved, 
add the same to the potash and soda in the barrel, and stir 
well for five minutes or so. Leave standing for about two 
hours ; then fill up with water, stirring well as every 
bucket of water goes in. Use the following day, 1 pound 
to the gallon of water. Apply warm. For scale on de- 
ciduous trees in summer. (Californian.) 

Resin, soda, and tallow^ soap. — Eesin, 2 pounds; caustic 
soda, 1 pound ; tallow, 1 pound. Mix resin and soda, boil 
about 30 minutes, and then add tallow. For use, add 2 
gallons water to a pint. Used in spray for scale. 



INSECTICIDES. 13 

Rotation of crops is one of the readiest means of overcoming 
or escaping insect attacks. Even small-fruit plantations 
can be rotated to advantage. (See Chap. III.) 

Salt and lime -wash. — 25 pounds of lime (unslaked), 20 
pounds of sulphur, 15 pounds of salt, 60 gallons of water. 
To mix the above, take 10 pounds of lime, 20 pounds of 
sulphur, and 20 gallons of water. Boil until the sulphur is 
thoroughly dissolved. Take the remainder — 15 pounds of 
lime and 15 pounds of salt-slack — and add enough of 
water to make the whole 60 gallons. Strain, and spray on 
the trees when milk- warm or somewhat warmer. This 
can be applied when the foliage is off the tree, and will 
have no injurious effects whatever on the fruit-buds or the 
tree itself. For scale on deciduous trees in winter. (Cali- 
f ornian. ) 

Snuff. — Snuff may be used to kill plant-lice upon house-plants, 
and in other places where fumigation or spraying cannot 
be employed. Blow it lightly on the plants. See Sulphuk 
AND Snuff. 

Soap and arsenites. — Soap, 4 pounds, which is dissolved in 
1 gallon of hot water ; add 4 ounces of London purple or 
Paris green, mix, and dilute with 50 gallons of hot water. 
For various leaf-eating insects, but likely to injure tender 
foliage, when the arsenite contains much soluble arsenic, 
unless lime is added. 

Soap and Ume "wash. — 5 pounds potash, 5 pounds lard 
stirred in 5 gallons of boiling water ; 1 peck quicklime 
slaked in 5 gallons of boiling water, and mixed while hot 
with the potash and lard mixture. Dilute by adding 2 
gallons of boiling water for each gallon of the mixture. It 
will keep indefinitely. Recommended for preventing the 
attacks of borers, but, like all washes for this purpose, Ox 
doubtful utility. 

Soap and soda wash. — To soft soap add a strong solution of 
common washing-soda, until the mixture becomes a thick 
paint. Used for bark-lice and other scale-insects on the 
dormant wood. 



14 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Soap and tobacco. — Dissolve 8 pounds of the best soft soap 
in 12 gallons of rain-water, and when cold add 1 gallon of 
strong tobacco liquor. For plant-lice. 

Soap, fish-oil. — Good potash lye, 1 pound ; fish-oil, 3 pints ; 
soft water, 3 gallons. Dissolve the lye in the water, 
and when brought to a boil, add the oil. Boil about two 
hours. When cold, it can be cut into cakes. For use, put 
the soap in enough hot water to dissolve or cut it, and then 
add 6 to 10 gallons water to a pound of soap. For aphis. 

Soda and aloes. — Dissolve 2 pounds of washing-soda and 1 
ounce of bitter Barbadoes aloes, and when cold add 1 
gallon of water. Dip the plants into the solution, and lay 
them on their sides for a short time, and the insects will 
drop off. Syringe the plants with clean, tepid water, and 
return to the house. For plant-lice. 

Soda and resin wash. — Sal-soda, 3 pounds, added to 1 pint 
of hot water ; add slowly 4 pounds of resin, and gradually 
add 2 pints of hot water. Dilute to 5 gallons. For scale- 
insects ; also recommended for curculio. 

Soda and whale-oil soap wash. — Dissolve 25 pounds sal- 
soda in 25 gallons water and heat to boiling, at which time 
add 1^ gallons whale-oil soap. Used as a winter wash for 
scale. Apply at a temperature of about 130° Fahrenheit. 

Soda wash. — Dissolve | pound of common washing-soda in a 
pail of water. For scale and borers, on dormant wood. 

Spraying, a term applied to the application of liquid insecti- 
cides or fungicides, by means of a pump or syringe. See 
the various plants and materials for explicit directions. 
Spraying must be thoroughly and opportunely done, else 
it will fail. 

Sulphide of soda wash (Hilgard' a). — Dissolve 30 pounds 
of whale-oil soap in 60 gallons of water, by heating the two 
together thoroughly. Then boil 3 pounds of American 
concentrated lye with 6 pounds of sulphur and 2 gallons 
of water. When thoroughly dissolved, it is a dark brown 
liquid, chemically called sulphide of soda. Mix the two — 
the soap and' the sulphide — well, and allow them to boil 



INSECTICIDES. 15 

half an hour. Then add about 90 gallons of water to the 
mixture, and it is ready for use. Apply it warm, by 
means of a spray-pump. Used warm, its effect is better 
and less material is required than when cold. For scale 
on deciduous trees in summer. (Calif ornian.) 

Sulphur. — Fumes of sulphur are destructive to insects, but 
should be carefully used or plants will be injured. The 
sulphur should be evaporated over an oil-stove, until the 
room is filled with the vapor. The sulphur should never 
be burned, as burning sulphur kills plants. For green- 
house use. 

Sulphur and snuff. — 1 pound of flowers of sulphur, 1 
pound of Scotch snuff, 1 pound of quicklime, i pound of 
lampblack, 1 pound of soft soap, with sufficient water to 
make them into the consistency of paint. Wash every 
branch, from the ground upwards, with a common paint- 
brush, before the blossom-buds begin to swell. For plant- 
lice. 

Sulphur and whale-oil soap wash. — Boil li gallons of water, 
add i pound of sulphur and boil fifteen minutes. To 
this add a pound of whale-oil soap and boil for five minutes. 
Let stand for a week. When wanted for use, mix 1 pound 
of the compound to a gallon of water, and-apply as a spray 
at a temperature of 130° Fahrenheit. Used for various 
burrowing larvae, as the gooseberry fruit-worm and the 
currant-borer, as a repellent. 

Tar is sometimes used to prevent the female and wingless 
canker-worm from ascending trees. The tar should be 
placed on cotton, or some material which will prevent it 
from coming in contact with the bark, and a band of the 
preparation is then placed around the trunk. Care must 
be taken to see that the tar does not injure the tree. 
Tarred paper may be rolled loosely about trees to keep 
away mice, but it should be removed before warm weather. 
It is sometimes recommended as a preventive of the attacks 
of borers, but it very often injures trees, and should be used, 
if at all, with great caution. 



16 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Tobacco. — 1. Stems, placed on the walks and under the 
benches of greenhouses, for plant-lice. Renew it every 
month. 

2. Tobacco-water, used with whale-oil soap. 

3. Dust. See Snuff. 

4. Fumes. Burn dampened tobacco-stems. See Fumi- 
gation. 

6. Nicotyl. Steep tobacco-stems in water and evaporate 
the water. 

6. Tea, or common decoction. Boil the stems or dust 

thoroughly and strain. Then add cold water until the 

decoction contains 2 gallons of liquid to 1 pound of tobacco. 

There are various commercial preparations of tobacco 

for use in greenhouses. 

Whale-oil soap. — 1 pound whale-oil soap to 5 gallons of 
water. For mealy-bugs and similar insects. It will injure 
some tender plants. ^ 

White arsenic. — See Arsenic. 

White hellebore. — A light brown powder made from the 
roots of the white hellebore plant (Verati'um album), one 
of the lily family. It is applied both dry and in water. 
In the dry state, it is usually applied without dilution, 
although the addition of a little flour will render it more 
adhesive. In water, 1 ounce of the poison is mixed with 3 
gallons ; and an ounce of glue, or thin flour paste, is some- 
times added to make it adhere. A decoction is made by 
using boiling water in the same proportions. Hellebore 
soon loses its strength, and a fresh article should always be 
demanded. It is much less poisonous than the arsenites, 
and should be used in place of them upon ripening fruit. 
Used for various leaf-eating insects, particularly for the 
currant-worm and rose-slug. 



CHAPTER 11. 

INJURIOUS INSECTS, WITH REMEDIES AND 
PREVENTIVES. 

Insects are of two kinds as respects their manner of 
taking food, — the mandibulate insects, or those which 
chew or bite their food, as larvae (" worms ") and most 
beetles ; and those which suck their food, as the plant- 
lice and true bugs. The former class is despatched by- 
poisons, the latter by caustic applications, as kerosene 
or soap preparations. 

Angleworm or Earth-worm. — The common angleworm often 
destroys greenhouse plants by its burrowing. It is some- 
times annoying in gardens also. 
Bemedy. — Lime-water applied to the soil. 

Ants. — See Lawns. 

Aphides, Plant-Lice or Green-Fly, and Bark-Lice. — Minute 
insects of various kinds, feeding upon the tender parts of 
many plants, both in doors and out. 

Remedies. — Kerosene emulsion. Kerosene-and-water 
emulsion. Hot water (about 125°). Coal-tar fumes. 
Pyrethrum. Fish-oil soap. Tobacco-water. Alcoholic 
and water extracts of pyrethrum. Hughes' fir-tree oil. 
In the greenhouse, fumigation with tobacco. Knock them 
off with the hose. In window gardens, dry pyrethrum or 
snuff. 

Apple. Apple-Bucculatrix (5MccMZainxj90wi/oZieZZa, Clem- 
ens). — A minute yellow or green larva feeding upon the 
upper surface of the leaves, causing the lower surface to 
c 17 



18 horticulturist's rule -book. 

turn brown. The cocoons are white and slender and are 
laid side by side upon the under sides of twigs, where they 
are conspicuous in winter. 

Bemedies. — Burn cocoons in winter or apply strong kero- 
sene emulsion to them. Arsenites for the larvae in summer. 
Apple-Curculio (Anthonomus qiiaclrigibbus, Say). — A soft, 
white grub, about half an inch long, living in the fruit. 

Bemedies. — Arsenites, as for codlin-moth, are usually, 
recommended. Probably jarring them off the tree, as is 
done for plum-curculio, is the most effective treatment. 
Apple Flea-Beetle {Graptodera foliacea, liBc). — Beetle, 
one-fifth inch or less long, feeding upon leaves. 

Bemedy. — Arsenites. 
Apple-Maggot or Railroad- Worm {Trypeta pomonella, 
Walsh). — Maggot; infests fall apples mostly, occasionally 
attacks winter fruit. It tunnels apples through and through, 
causing the fruit to fall to the earth. 

Bemedies. — Immediately destroy all infested fruit, pom- 
ace, and apple-waste from the house. If the orchard is in 
sod, burn the grass under the trees in fall or spring ; if in 
cultivation, spade or plough up the soil under the trees 
in spring. Orchards in sandy soil and with a southern 
exposure are most affected. 
Bark-Louse (Mytilaspis pomorum, Bouch§). — Minute in- 
sects feeding upon the tender shoots, most active in early 
spring. Later in the season the insect secretes a scale 
under which it lives. The old scales become conspicuous 
on the twigiS. 

Preventive. — Plant unaffected trees. 

Bemedies. — Spray with kerosene emulsion, carbolic acid 
wash, soda wash, or soap-and-soda wash, when shoots start. 
Wash limbs in winter or before leaves start, with soap-suds 
or lye water. Scrape off lice. 
Blight. — See under Pear in Chap. IV. 
BuD-MoTH (Tmetocera ocellana, Fabr.). — A minute insect, 
the larvse destroying the flower-buds of apples, pears, 
plums, etc. 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 19 

Remedies. — Arsenites applied when the buds begin to 
open, and again ten days later. Burn infested leaves in 
June. 
Canker-Worm {Paleacrita vernata, Peck). — Larva; "a 
measuring worm," an inch long, dark and variously striped, 
feeding upon the leaves. 

Preventive. — Bands smeared with tar or printer's ink, or 
similar devices, placed about the trunk of the tree to pre- 
vent the wingless females from climbing. Tedious. 

Remedies. — Arsenites, thoroughly applied in spray, are 
very effective. Jar the worms into straw, and burn the 
straw. 
CoDLiN-MoTH (Carpocapsa pomonella, Linn.). — Larva (off- 
spring of a small grayish moth), three-fourths inch long, 
pinkish, feeding in fruit ; generally two broods. 

Remedies. — Arsenites applied just after the blossoms 
fall and again ten days or two weeks later. A third appli- 
cation is rarely necessary. The arsenites may be applied 
with Bordeaux mixture when spraying for the apple-scab. 
(See Chap. IV.) Swine in the orchard. Cloth band about 
the trunk of the tree, which is examined at intervals of 
seven to nine days for larvae and chrysalids. 
Fall Web- Worm (Hyphantria cunea, Drury). — Hairy 
larva, about an inch long, varying from gray to pale yellow 
or bluish black, feeding upon the leaves of many trees, in 
tents or webs. 

Remedies. — Destroy by burning the webs, or removing 
them and crushing the larvae. Spray with arsenites. 
Flat-headed Borer {Chrysohothris femorata, Fabr.). — 
Larva about an inch long, flesh-colored, the second segment 
(*'head") greatly enlarged; boring under the bark and 
sometimes into the wood. They are readily located in late 
summer or fall by the dead and sunken patches of bark. 

Preventive. — Soap and carbolic acid washes applied early 
in June and July. Keep trees vigorous. 

Remedies. — Dig out the borers in early summer and fall. 
Encourage woodpeckers. 



20 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Pear Twig-Beetle, — See under Pear. 
Plum-Curculio {Conotrachelus nenuphar^ Herbst.). — 
Beetle; punctures the fruit and causes it to become dis- 
torted. 

Eemedies. — Arsenites. Often recommended (but of 
doubtful eflficiency) to plant plum trees at intervals 
throughout the orchard to attract the curculio, and fight 
the insects on the plums. See under Plum. Jarring onto 
sheets is probably the surest procedure. 
Railroad- WoKiM. — See Apple-Maggot. 
RooT-LousE, "American Blight" of England (Schizoneura 
lanigera, Hausm.). — A minute insect which causes swell- 
ings upon the roots of the tree, impairing its vitality, or 
killing it. In another form the insect attacks the young 
branches. It is then conspicuous from its cottony cover- 
ing. The treatment for aphis is useful here. 

Eemedies. — Hot water. Corrosive sublimate wash. 
Scalding hot water may be poured on the bare roots of 
trees standing in the soil, or nursery stock may be dipped 
in water having a temperature of 120° to 150°. Kerosene 
emulsion or tobacco dug in about the tree. Infested nursery 
ttees should be dipped in kerosene emulsion — root and top 
— before they are set in the orchard. Mulching about trees 
is said to bring the lice nearer the surface. 
Rose-Beetle. — See under Rose. There is practically no 
remedy for the rose-beetle on large orchard trees. Ravages 
can be prevented, to a large extent, by the lime spray and 
the emulsions. Very heavy applications of Bordeaux mix- 
ture sometimes act as a repellent. 
Round-headed Borers {Saperda Candida, Fabr., and S. cre- 
tata, Newm.). — Larva, an inch long when mature, bores 
into the tree. It remains in the larval state three years. 

Preventive. — Soap and carbolic acid, and various other 
washes applied early in June and July. 

Eemedies. — Dig out borers in the fall. Force some 
caustic material, as soda-wash, into the burrows by means 
of a small syringe. Insert a wire into the holes. The only 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 21 

safe procedure is to watch the ti'ees carefully for the chips 
cast out by the borers, and to examine the trees fall and 
spring, and dig out the larvae with a knife. 
' TEtiT-CxTERPiLLKKS (Clisiocampa Americana, Harris, and C. 
sylvatica, Harris). — Larva, nearly two inches long, spotted 
and striped with yellow, white, and black ; feeding upon 
the leaves. They congregate in the tents at night and in 
cool weather, and forage out upon the branches during the 
day. 

Remedies. — Arsenites, as for codlin-moth. Burn out 
nests with torch. Pick off egg-masses from twigs during 
winter and spring. 
TussocK-MoTH (Orgyia leucostigma, Sm. and Abb.). — A 
handsome caterpillar, an inch long, bright yellow with red 
markings, very hairy. Eats the leaves. 

Remedy. — Arsenites. Collect frothy egg-masses in fall. 

TwiG-BoRER (Amphicerus (Bostrichiis) bicaudatus, Say). — 

Beetle, three-eighths inch long, cylindrical and dark brown, 

boring into twigs of apple, pear, and other trees. The 

beetle enters just above a bud. 

Remedies. — Burn the twigs. Catch insects in mating 
season. 
Twig-Prcners (Elaphidion parallehnn, Newm., and E.vil- 
losum, Fabr.). — Yellowish white larvae, about a half inch 
long, boring into young twigs, causing them to die and 
break off. 

Remedy. — Burn the twigs. 
Apricot. Pear Twig-Beetle. — See under Pear. 
Pin-hole Borer. — See under Peach. 
Pldm-Curculio. — See under Plum. 
Asparagus. Asparagus-Beetle (Crioceris Asparagi, Linn.). 
— Beetle, less than one-fourth inch in length, yellow, red, 
and shining black, with conspicuous ornamentation, feed- 
ing upon the tender shoots. Larva feeds upon the leaves 
and tender bark. 

Remedies. — Freshly slaked lime dusted on before the 
dew has disappeared in the morning. Poultry. Draw the 



22 horticulturist's rule-book. 

hand over the stalks from bottom to top, crushing all the 
eggs ; repeating two or three times during the season will 
keep them in check. Arsenites, after the marketing season 
has passed. 
Aster. Aster- Worm. — A small larva boring in the stem of 
garden asters about the time they begin to flower, causing 
the heads to droop. 

All infested stalks should be burned. 
Bean. Bean- Weevil or Bean-Bug {Bruchus ohtectus^ Say). 
— Closely resembles the pea- weevil, which see for descrip- 
tion and remedies. 
Bag-Worm or Basket-Worm ( Thyridopteryx ephemerceformiSj 
Haw.). — Larva working in singular dependent bags, and 
feeding upon many kinds of trees, both evergreen and de- 
ciduous. In winter the bags, empty or containing eggs, 
are conspicuous, hanging from the branches. 
Bemedies. — Hand-picking. Arsenites. 
Bark-Lice. — See under Aphides. 
Blackberry. Cane-Borer. — See under Easpberry. 
Root Gall-Fly. — See under Raspberry. 
Snowy Cricket. — See under Raspberry. 
Blister-Beetle {Lytta two or three species). — Soft-shelled, 
long-necked, and slim black or gray spry beetles, feeding 
upon the leaves of many trees and garden plants. 
Bemedies. — Arsenites. Jarring. 
Cabbage. Cabbage- Worm, or Cabbage-Bdtterfly {Pieris 
Bapoi, Linn.). — Larva an inch long, green with yellow and 
black markings, feeding upon the heads ; two broods. 

Bemedies. — Pyrethrum mixed with flour, or in water 
decoction. Hot water (temperature from 140° to 160°), 
applied forcibly in a fine spray. Kerosene emulsion. Lye 
wash. Arsenites : 1 ounce Paris green or London purple 
to 6 pounds flour, applied while the j^lant is wet; should 
not be used after the plant begins to head. Salt water 
sprinkled into the head. Pyrethrum, dry or in decoction. 
Flea-Beetle. — See Flea-Beetle, under F. 
Green Lettuce-Worm. — See under Lettuce. 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 23 

Harlequin Cabbage-Bug (Murgantia histrionica, Hahn). — 
Bug about a half-inch long, gaudily colored with orange 
dots and stripes over a blue-black ground, feeding upon 
cabbage ; two to six broods. 

■ Bemedies. — Hand-picking. Place blocks about the patch 
and the bugs will collect under them. In the fall make 
small piles of the rubbish in the patch and burn them at 
the approach of winter. 
Lice. — Kerosene emulsion. See Aphides. 
Maggot {Phorhia Brassicoe, Bouch§). — A minute white mag- 
got, the larva of a small fly, eating into the crown and roots 
of young cabbage and cauliflower, radish, and turnip plants. 
Bemedies. — Carbolic acid emulsion applied the day fol- 
lowing the transplanting of the cabbage plants, and repeated 
once a week for several applications. Remove a little earth 
from about the plants and spray on the emulsion forcibly. 
Bisulphide of carbon is generally preferable on cabbages 
and cauliflowers, however." Use about one teaspoonful to 
the plant, inserting it in a hole in the soil just underneath, 
but not in contact with, the root. Press the hole together 
immediately to prevent the escape of the vapor. All in- 
fested plants should be burned. 

The "club-root" of cabbage is not due to the maggot, 
but to a fungus, which see (page 55). 
Carnation. Twitter. — A peculiar curling and tying-up of 
the leaves and flower-buds on the tips of the stems. Proba- 
bly due to various species of insects, one of them a plant- 
louse. 
Remedy. — Cut off and burn the affected part. 
Carrot. Parsley-Worm. — See under Parsley. 
Cauliflovrer. Cauliflower or Cabbage- Worm. — See under 
Cabbage. 
Maggot. — See under Cabbage. 
Celery. Green Lettuce- Worm. — See under Lettuce. 

Parsley- Worm. — See under Parsley. 
Cherry. Canker- Worm. — See under Apple. 
Pll'm-Curculio. — See under Plum. 



24 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Rose-Bketle. — See under Rose and Apple. 
Slug {Selandria Cerasi, Peck). — Larva, one-half inch 
long, blackish and slimy, feeding upon the leaves; two 
broods. 

Bemedies. — Arsenites, for the second brood (which 
usually appears after the fruit is off), and for the first 
brood if the trees are not bearing. Hellebore in water. 
Pyrethruni. Air-slaked lime. Road-dust. Catch mature 
insects by jarring trees late in the evening or early in the 
morning. 
Chestnut. Weevil {Balaninus ^^.'). — A grub working in 
chestnuts, making them wormy. The weevil is a curculio- 
like insect. 

Preventives. — Destroy wild trees where the insects 
breed. Plant the most immune varieties. 

Bemedy. — Gather and destroy the infested nuts immedi- 
ately after they fall. 
Chrysanthemum. Green Lettuce-Worm. — See under 
Lettuce. 
Chrysanthemum Leaf-Miner (Oscinis sp.). — Works upon 
the leaves of the chrysanthemum. 
Bemedy. — Hand-picking. 
Corn. Bud- Worm. — See Tomato Fruit- Worm. 

Cornstalk-Borer (Helotropha atra, Get.). — Larva, gray 
and striped, boring into the stalk. 
Bemedies. — See Cut- Worm. 
Grain-Afhodius (Aphodius granarius., Linn.), — Beetle, one- 
eighth inch long, shining black, feeding on kernels in the 
ground before they sprout. 

Bemedy. — Soak kernels in water, then stir them in a 
mixture of Paris green, one part to twenty parts of flour. 
Root Web- Worm {Crambus sp.). — Larva feeding in a web 
on the surface or just below it, on the roots of corn. 

Preventive. — Avoid planting corn on sod land where 
there is any suspicion of the insect having been at work. 
Fall ploughing. 
Weevil or Grain-Beetle {Silvanus Surinamensis, Linn.). 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 25 

— Reddish- brown beetle about a tenth of an inch long, 
feeding in stored corn and grain. 

Bemedy. — Bisulphide of carbon. 

The larva of the Angoumois Grain Moth (Gelechia 
cereallella, Oliv.) also devours stored grain. The same 
remedy applies. 
Cranberry. — Cranberry-Aphis or Louse. 

Bemedy. — Flooding. See also under Aphides. 
Cranberry Saw-Fly (Pristiphora identidem, Norton). — 
Larva, less than one-half inch long, greenish, feeding upon 
the leaves ; two broods. 

Bemedies. — Flooding. Probably hellebore and arsenites. 
Fire-Worm, Cranberry-Worm, or Black-headed Cran- 
berry-Worm (Bhopobota vacciniana, Packard). — Small 
larva, green, black-headed, feeding upon the shoots and 
young leaves, drawing them together by silken threads; 
two broods. 

Bemedies. — Flooding for two or three days when the 
worms are small. Arsenites. Attract the moths to fires 
at night. 
Fruit- Worm (Acrohasis Vaccinni, Riley). — Small worm 
working in the fruits, eating out the insides. 

Bemedy. — Thorough application of arsenites as soon as 
the berries are set. 
Weevil {Anthonomus sutui'alis, Lee). — Beetle, less than 
one-fourth inch long ; cuts off the flower-buds. 

Bemedy. — Flooding. 
Yellow-headed Cranberry- Worm {Teras vacciniivorana, 
Packard). — Stout, yellowish-green, small caterpillar, with 
a yellow head, webbing up the leaves as it works. 

Preventive. — Hold the water late on the bog in spring to 
prevent egg-laying. 

Bemedy. — Flood the bog 24 to 36 hours when the worms 
are small. 
Cucumber. Cucumber or Pickle-Worm (Eudioptis nitidulis, 
Cram.). — Larva, about an inch long, yellowish white, 
tinged with green, boring into cucumbers ; two broods. 



26 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Bemedies. — Hand-picking at the first appearance of the 
caterpillars. Destroy infested fruits. 
Melon- Worm. — See under Melon. 

Spotted Cucdmber-Beetle (Diabrotica 22-punctata, Oliv.). 
— Beetle, yellowish and black spotted, about one-fourth 
inch long, feeding upon the leaves and fruit. Sometimes 
attacks fruit-trees, and the larva may injure roots of corn. 

Bemedies. — Same as for Striped Cucumber-Beetle, 
below. 
Striped Cucumber-Beetle {Diabrotica vittata^ Fabr.). — 
Beetle, one-fourth inch long, yellow with black stripes, 
feeding on leaves. Larva, one-eighth inch long and size of 
a pin, feeding on roots ; two broods. 

Preventive. — Cheap boxes covered with thin muslin or 
screens of mosquito-netting, placed over young plants. 

Bemedies. — Arsenites in flour. Ashes, lime, plaster or 
fine road-dust sprinkled on the plants every two or three 
days when they are wet. Air-slacked lime. Plaster and 
kerosene. Tobacco powder, applied liberally. Apply rem- 
edies when dew is on, and see that it strikes the under 
side of the leaves. 
Currant. Borer (Sesia tipuliformis^ Linn.). — A whitish 
larva, boring in the canes of currants, and sometimes of 
gooseberries. The larva remains in the cane over winter. 

Bemedy. — In fall and early spring cut and burn all 
affected canes. These canes are distinguished before cut- 
ting by lack of vigor, and by limberness. 
Currant-Worm, or Currant and Gooseberry Saw-Fly 
{Nematus ventricosus, King). — Larva, about three-fourths 
inch long, yellow green, feeding upon the leaves of red 
and white varieties ; two to four broods. 

Bemedies. — White hellebore, applied early. Arsenites 
for the early brood. Treatment should begin whilst the 
larvae are on the lowermost leaves of the bushes. Before 
the leaves are fully grown, the holes made by the worms 
may be seen. The second brood is best destroyed by kill- 
ing the first brood. 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 27 

Currant Measuring or Span-Worm {Eufitchia \^Ahraxis\ 
ribearia. Fitch.). — Larva somewhat over an inch long, with 
stripes and dotted with yellow or black, feeding upon the 
leaves. 

Bemedies. — Hellebore, applied stronger than for currant- 
worm. Arsenites, if the bushes are not bearing. Hand- 
picking. 
FouR-STRiPED Plant-Bug. — See under F. 
Green Leaf-Hopper {Empoa albopicta, Forbes). — Small 
insect working upon the under surface of currant and 
gooseberry leaves. Also upon the apple. 

Bemedies. — Pyrethrum. Kerosene emulsion. Tobacco- 
dust. 
Cut-Worm. — Various species of Agrotis and related genera. 
Soft brown or gray worms, of various kinds, feeding upon 
the roots, crown, or even the tops of plants. 

Preventives and Remedies. — Encircle the stem of the 
plant with heavy paper or tin. Arsenites sprinkled upon 
small bunches of fresh grass or clover, which are scattered 
at short intervals about the garden towards evening. 
They will often collect under boards or blocks. Arsenites 
mixed with shorts, and placed about the plants. Make two 
or three deep holes by the side of the plant with a pointed 
stick ; the worms will fall in and cannot escape. Dig them 
out. Plough infested land in fall to give birds a chance 
to find the worms. Kainit or muriate of potash applied 
liberally as a fertilizer has been advised. 
Cut-Worm, Climbing. — Several species. The worms climb 
small trees of various kinds at night and eat out the 
buds. 

Preventive. — Strip of cotton batting tied about the tree 
by its lower edge and the top then rolled down like a 
boot-leg. The worms cannot climb over the cotton. Use 
baits (see page 4) . 

Bemedies. — Arsenites. Hellebore. 
Dahlia. Four-striped Plant-Bug. — See under F 
Green Lettuce-Worm. — See under Lettuce. 



28 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Egg-Plant. Potato-Beetle. — See under Potato. 

Elm. Canker- Worm. — See under Apple. 

Elm Leaf-Beetle (Galleruca xanthomelcena, Schr.). — 
A small beetle, imported from Europe, which causes 
great devastation in some of the eastern States by eating 
the green matter from elm leaves, causing the tre^ to ap- 
pear as if scorched. 
Bemedy. — Arsenites with kerosene emulsion. 
Willow- Worm. — See under Willow. 

Endive. Green Lettuce-Worm. — See under Lettuce. 

Flea-Beetle (Phyllotreta vittata, Fabr. ; Haltica striolata^ 
Harris). — A minute black-spotted beetle, feeding upon 
many plants, as turnip, cabbage, radish, mustard, potato, 
strawberry, and stocks. It jumps upon being disturbed. 
Closely related species attack various plants. Very de- 
structive to plants which are just appearing above the sur- 
face. 

Bemedies. — There are no reliable preventives or 
remedies. Arsenites, applied dry while the dew is on, are 
good. Land plaster, lime, ashes, and tobacco-dust, applied 
in the same manner, are more or less effective. Tobacco 
decoction used very liberally. Wood ashes applied liber- 
ally. Sometimes ashes injure the plants. Kerosene 
emulsion thrown with great force against the plants. 
Calomel, mixed with flour or ashes. A heavy application 
of Bordeaux mixture and soap is one of the best repellents. 
The same remedies apply to other flea-beetles. 

Four-striped Plant-Bug (Pcecilocapsus lineatus,YsibT.). — A 
bright yellow, black-striped bug about one-third of an inch 
long, puncturing the young leaves and shoots of many 
plants. 

Bemedies. — Jarring ac any time of day into a dish of 
dilute kerosene. Kerosene emulsion (2) (diluted five 
times) when the bugs are young, in their nymphal stage. 
Cut off and burn the tips of the growing shoots in early 
spring to destroy the eggs. 

Galls. — See Root-Gall (page 41). 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 29 

Gipsy-Moth (Ocneria dispar, Linn.). — Larva, nearly two 
inches long when mature, very hairy, nearly black, with a 
yellow stripe along back and sides. Devours many kinds of 
foliage. Confined to eastern Massachusetts, where it was 
introduced from Europe about 1869. It is feared that it 
will become a serious pest. 

Bemedy. — Spray with arsenites (particularly arsenate of 
lead) as soon as the caterpillars hatch in the spring. 
Gooseberry. Currant-Boker. — See under Currant. 

Currant Measuring or Span-Worm. — See under Currant. 
Four-striped Plant-Bug. — See under F. 
Gooseberry or Currant- Worm. — See under Currant. 
Gooseberry Fruit- Worm {Dakruma coiivohitella, Hubn.). 
— Larva, about three-fourths inch long, greenish or yellow- 
ish, feeding in the berry, c.ausing it to ripen prematurely. 

Preventive. — Spray just before eggs are laid with the 
sulphur and whale-oil soap wash. 

Bemedies. — Destroy affected berries. Clean cultivation. 
Poultry. 
Green Leaf-Hopper. — See under Currant. 
Grape. Apple-Tree Borer. — See under Apple. 

Grape-Behry Worm {Eudemis botrana, Schiff.). — Larva, 
about one-fourth inch long, feeding in the berry, often 
securing three or four together in a web ; two broods. 

Bemedy. — Burn the affected berries before the larva 
escapes. 
Grape-Curculio (Craponius inceqiialis, Say). — Larva, 
small, black with a grayish tint. Infests the grape in 
June and July, causing a little black hole in the skin and 
a discoloration of the berry immediately around it. 

Bemedies. — Jarring and removing berries. The beetle 
may be jarred down on sheets, as with the plum-curculio. 
Bagging the clusters. 
Grape-Seed Worm (Isosoma vitis, Saunders). — A minute 
grub, living in the seed of the grape and causing it 
to become distorted. The injured grapes shrivel. 
Bemedy. — Burn the affected fruit. 



30 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Grape-Slug or Saw-Fly {Selandria vitis, Harris). — Larva 
'about one-half inch long, yellowish green with black 
points, feeding upon the leaves ; two broods. 
Remedies. — Arsenites. Hellebore. 

Grape-Vine Fidia {Fidia viticida, Walsh). — Beetle, re- 
sembles the rose-bug, somewhat shorter and broader. It 
appears during June and July, riddling the leaves. The 
larva also attacks the roots of grapes, seeming to prefer 
the Worden. 

Bemedies. — The beetles can be killed by strong arsenical 
sprays, and the larvi3e on the roots by bisulphide of carbon. 

Grape-Vine Flea-Beetle {Graptodera chalybea, Illig.). 

— Beetle, of a blue metallic color, about one-fourth inch 
long, feeding upon the buds and tender shoots in early 
spring. 

Bemedies. — Arsenites. The beetle can oe caught by 
jarring on cold mornings. 
Grape-Vine Root-Borer (Sciapteron polistifomiis, Harris). 

— Larva, one and one-half inch or less long, working 
in the roots. 

Preventive. — Mounding as for the peach-tree borer. 

Bemedy. — Dig out the borers. Apply scalding water to 
the roots. 
Grape-Vine Sphinx {Ampelophaga Ilyron, Cramer). — A 
large larva, two inches long when mature, green with 
yellow spots and stripes, bearing a horn at the posterior 
extremity, feeding upon the leaves, and nipping off the 
young clusters of grapes ; two broods. 

Bemedies. — Hand-picking. Arsenites, early in the 
season. 

There are other large sphinx caterpillars which feed upon 
the foliage of the vine and which are readily kept in check 
by hand-picking and spraying. 
Phylloxera (Phylloxera vastatrix, Planchon). A minute 
insect preying upon the roots, and in one form causing galls 
upon the leaves. 

Preventive. — As a rule this insect is not destructive to 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 31 

American species of vines. Grafting upon resistant stocks 
is the most reliable method of dealing with tlie insect 
yet known. This precaution is taken to a large extent in 
European countries, as the European vine is particularly 
subject to attack. 

Bemedies. — There is no reliable and widely practicable 
remedy known. Burn affected leaves. Bisulphide of 
carbon poured in holes in the ground, which are quickly 
filled, is very effective. Carbolic acid and water used in 
the same way is also recommended. Flood the vineyard. 

Root-Borer. — See Grape-Vine Fidia. 

Rose-Beetle. — See under Rose. 

Snowy Cricket. — See under Raspberry. 

Thrip or Leaf-Hopper {Erythroneura vitis, Harris). — In 
various stages, one-tenth inch or less long ; feeding on 
leaves, causing them to appear scorched. 

Bemedies. — Sticky fly-paper secured to a stick and 
carried over the vines, while another person scares up the 
insect^. Attract to lights at night. Kerosene emulsion. 
In houses, tobacco-smoke, pyrethrum poured upon coals 
held under the vines, syringing with tobacco-water or soap- 
suds. Fumigation in the field should be done before the 
insects develop wings — late in July or in early August (in 
the north). Rake ground clean about vines late in fall 
in order to expose insects to the weather. It has been 
found in California that thrips can be greatly lessened by 
feeding off the leaves with sheep, soon after the grapes 
are picked. 
Grasshoppers. — If these pests become serious, they may be 
kept in check by the following means : Place a tablespoon- 
ful of poisonous bait by the side of each tree or vine. The 
bait is made of 40 pounds bran, 15 pounds middlings, 2 
gallons syrup, 20 pounds arsenic ; mix with soft water. 
Costs 25 to 75 cents per acre for orchards. Or Paris green 
spray may be used where there is no danger of poisoning 
fruit or grain. 
Green-Fly. — See Aphides. 



32 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Hollyhock. Bug {Ortliotylus deUcatus, Uhl.). — A small 
green bug, attacking the hollyhock with great damage. 

Bemedies. — Kerosene emulsion. Pyrethro-kerosene 
emulsion. 

House-Plants. — See Aphides, Mealt-Bug, Mites, and Red 
Spider. 

Lawns. Ants {Formica sp.). — Insects burrowing in the 
ground, forming "ant-hills." 

Bemedy. — A tablespoonful of bisulphide- of carbon 
poured into holes six inches deep and a foot apart, the 
holes being immediately filled up. 

Leaf-Crumpler {Phycis indigenella, Zeller). — Larva, brown, 
wrinkled, found on leaves of various kinds, which it brings 
together in masses and attaches them to each other and to 
the twigs by means of silken threads. The next season 
young worms appear from the mass and feed on the new 
crop of leaves. 

Bemedy. — Gather the masses and burn them. Arsenites 
before the larvae cover themselves up. 

Lettuce. Aphis or Green-Fly. — A plant-louse on forced 
lettuce. 

Preventive. — Tobacco-dust applied on the soil and plants 
as soon as the aphis makes its appearance, or even before. 
Renew every two or three weeks if necessary. Fumigating 
with tobacco is the surest remedy. (See Fumigation, 
Chap. I.) 
Green Lettuce-Worm {Plusia Brassice, Riley). — Larva, 
somewhat over an inch long, pale green, with stripes of a 
lighter color, feeding upon leaves of many plants, as cab- 
bage, celery, and endive. 

Bemedies. — Pyrethrum diluted with not more than 
three times its bulk of flour. Kerosene emulsion. Hot 
water. 

Lice. — See Aphides. 

May-Beetle or May-Bug (Lachnosterna fusca, Frohl.). — A 
large and familiar brown beetle, feeding upon the leaves 
of many kinds of trees. The common white grub is the 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 33 

larval state. It often does great damage to sod and to 
strawberries. 

Bemedies. — For beetle, use arsenites, or jar them early 
in the morning. For grubs, plough up the lawn so as to 
expose them to field-birds and poultry, or turn in hogs. 
Avoid planting strawberries on grubby land. The grubs 
are often worst upon land which has laid in sod, or which 
has been heavily treated with stable manure. 

Mealy-Bug (Dactylopius adonidum, Linn.). — A white scale- 
like insect attacking greenhouse plants. 

Bemedies. — Alcoholic decoction of pyrethrum. Whale- 
oil soap. Carbolic acid and soap. Removing insects with 
brush on tender plants. Whiskey, applied with a brush. 
Fish-brine. House-plants may be washed in soapsuds. 
The best procedure in greenhouses is to knock them off 
with the hose. A small hard stream of water upsets their 
domestic affairs. 

Melon. Melon- Worm (Eudioptis hyalinata^ Linn.). — Larva, 
some over an inch long, yellowish green and slightly hairy, 
feeding on melon-leaves, and eating holes into melons, 
cucumbers, and squashes ; two or more broods. 

Bemedies. — Hellebore. Arsenites early in the season. 
Spotted Cucumber-Beetle. — See under Cucumber. 
Striped Cucumber-Beetle. — See under Cucumber. 
Squash- Vine Root-Borer. — See under Squash. 

Mite {Tetranychus bimacnlatiis, Harvey).' — Much like red 
spider in size and shape, but light-colored, with two dark 
spots behind. Feeds upon the under side of the leaves of 
many greenhouse plants. The most serious greenhouse 
pest. Known also as " Verbena Mite." 

Bemedies. — Kerosene emulsion, or Hughes' fir-tree oil. 
Kerosene emulsion (2) (1 part to 20 or 25 parts of water) 
will kill them if it is applied thoroughly to the under side 
of the leaves. The application should be repeated two or 
three times at intervals of a day or two, or until the mite 
is destroyed. Thereafter, spray once a week. On roses 
and most gi-eenhouse plants, the emulsion should be washed 



34 horticulturist's rule-book. 

off the foliage by the hose, an hour or two after the 
application. 
Mushroom. — Mushroom-Fly. — The larva bores through the 
stems of the mushrooms before they are full-grown. 

Preventive. — Keep the beds cool so that the fiy cannot 
develop. When the fly is present, growing mushrooms in 
warm weather is usually abandoned. 
Onion. Maggot (Phorbia Cepai'um, Meigen). — Much like the 
cabbage-maggot, which see. 

Bemedies. — Carbolic acid emulsion. Bisulphide of 
carbon. 
Orange. Katydid (Microcentrum retinervis, Burm.). — A 
large green grasshopper-like insect, feeding upon the foli- 
age. It is largely kept in check in some localities by a 
parasitic chalcid fly. 

Bemedy. — Collect the eggs, which are conspicuous on 
the borders of the leaves. 
Leaf-Notcher (^Artipus Floridanus, Horn). — Beetle, one- 
fourth inch long, greenish blue or copper-colored, eating 
the edges of the leaves. 

Bemedy. — Jarring. 
Mite (Tetranychus 6-maculatris, Riley). — On the leaves. 

Bemedies. — Kerosene emulsion. Sulphur. Practise 
clean culture. 
Scale. — Many species, preying upon the leaves and shoots. 

Bemedies. — Kerosene emulsion applied with a brush or 
in spray, just before the trees bloom, and at intervals of 
two or three weeks as occasion may require. Lye wash. 
Lye-and-sulphur wash. Pyrethrum decoction. Resin and 
fish-oil soap. When young the scale is more easily de- 
stroyed. Some species are held in check in California by 
an Australian lady-bird beetle, which has been introduced 
for this purpose. 
Parsley. Parsley- Worm (Papilio Asterias, Cramer). — 
Larva, inch and a half long, light yellow or greenish yellow 
with lines and spots ; feeding upon leaves of parsley, celery, 
carrot, etc. When the worm is disturbed it ejects two 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 35 

yellow horns with an offensive odor, from the anterior 
end. 

Bemedies. — Hand-picking. Poultry are said to eat them 
sometimes. Upon parsnip, arsenites. 
Parsnip. Parsley- Worm. — See under Parsley. 
Parsnip Web- Worm (^Depressaria heracliana, De Geer). — 
Larva, about a half inch long, feeding in the flower-cluster 
and causing it to become contorted. 

Bemedies. — Arsenites, applied as soon as the young 
worms appear, and before the cluster becomes distorted. 
The worms are easily disturbed, and hand-picking is often 
advisable. Bum the distorted umbels. 
Pea. Pea-Weevil or Pea-Bug {Bruchus Pisi^ Linn.). — A 
small brown-black beetle, living in peas over winter. The 
beetle escapes in fall and spring and lays its eggs in young 
pea-pods, and the grubs live in the growing peas. 

Preventive. — It is said that coal ashes or sand saturated 
with phenyl and sown with the peas will prevent attack. 

Bemedies. — As soon as the mature peas are picked, and 
while the grubs are only partly grown, subject the peas to 
a temperature of 145° for an hour. The seed will not be 
injured. The ripe peas may also be confined in some tight 
receptacle, and a little bisulphide of carbon added. 
Peach. Aphis {Aphis Persicce-niger, Smith) . — A small black 
or brown plant-louse which attacks the tops and roots of 
peach trees. When upon the roots it is a very serious 
enemy, stunting the tree and perhaps killing it. Thrives 
in sandy lands. 

Bemedies. — Kerosene emulsion. Tobacco decoction. To- 
bacco hoed in about the tree will destroy the root-colonies. 
Apple-Tree (Round-headed) Borer. — See under Apple. 
Flat-headed Borer. — See under Apple. 
Fruit Bark-Beetle. — See Pin-hole Borer. 
Katydid. — This insect is often troublesome to the peach in 
the southern States in the early spring, eating the leaves 
and girdling young stems. 
Bemedy. — Poisoned baits placed about the tree. 



36 hokticulturist's rule-book. 

Peach-Louse or Aphis (Myzus Persicoe, Sulzer). — A small 
insect feeding upon the young leaves, causing them to curl 
and die. 

Bemedies. — Kerosene emulsion. Soap-and-soda wash. 
Soap-water. Soap and tobacco. 

Peach-Tree Borer (^Sannina exitiosa, Say). — A whitish 
larva, about three-fourths inch long when mature, 
boring into the crown and upper roots of the peach, 
causing. gum to exude. 

Preventive. — Make a mound about the tree in early 
summer, a foot high, and remove it in September ; the 
moth then lays her eggs about the top of the mound, and 
the tender larvse are killed by exposure to the weather. A 
coat of asbestos roofing applied about the base of the tree is 
recommended as a preventive. Apply washes as for apple- 
tree borers. Paint the crown of the tree with ordinary 
paint, to which Paris green has been added. All preven- 
tives are unsatisfactory, however, and the only safety is — 
Bemedy. — Dig out the borers in late fall and early spring. 

Peach-Twig Moth {Anarsia lineatella, Zeller). — The larva 
of a moth, a fourth inch long, boring in the ends of the 
shoots; it sometimes attacks the apple and strawberry 
roots. 

Bemedy. — Burn the infested twigs. 

Pin-hole Borer (Scolytus rugulosus, Ratz). — A black 
beetle about a tenth of an inch long, boring into the trunk 
and branches of peach, plum, apricot, and other trees. It 
is thought to prefer weak or unhealthy trees. 

Bemedy. — Burn the affected trees or parts. Keep the 
trees strong and vigorous. 

Plum-Curculio. — See under Pltjm. 

Red-legged Flea-Beetle {Haltica rujipes, Linn.). — A flea- 
beetle feeding on the leaves of peach trees, often in great 
numbers. 

Bemedies. — The insects fall at once upon being jarred, 
and sheets saturated with kerosene may be used, upon 
which to catch them. Spray with Paris green. 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 37 

Root-Galls. — See Root-Galls, under R. 

Root-Knot. — See Root-Knot, under R. 

Rose-Beetle. — See under Rose and Apple. 
Pear. Apple-Tree Borer. — See under Apple. 

BuD-MoTii. — See under Apple. 

CoDLiN-MoTH. — See under Apple. 

Flat-headed Borer. — See under Apple. 

Midge (Diplosis pyrivora, Riley). —A minute mosquito-like 
fly ; lays eggs in flower-buds when they begin to show white. 
These hatch into minute grubs which distort and discolor 
the fruit. New York and eastward. Prefers the Lawrence. 
Introduced about twelve years ago from France. 

Bemedies. — Destroy the infested pears. Cultivate and 
plough in late summer and fall to destroy the pupae, then in 
the ground. 

Pear-Leaf Blister {Phytoptus Pyri, Scheuten). — A minute 
mite which causes black blisters to appear upon the 
leaves. The mites collect under the bud-scales in winter. 

Remedy. — Burn the twigs in winter or spray with kero- 
sene emulsion. 

Pear-Tree Borer (Sesia Pyri, Harris). — A small whitish 
larva, feeding under the bark of the pear tree. 
Remedy. — Same as for round-headed apple-tree borer. 

Pear-Twig Beetle {Xylehorus Pyri., Peck). — Brownish or 
black beetle, one-tenth inch long, boring in twigs, produc- 
ing effect much like pear-blight, and hence often known as 
"pear-blight beetle." It escapes from a minute perfor- 
ation at base of bud ; probably two broods. 

Remedy. — Burn twigs before the beetle escapes. 

PsYLLA (Psylla pyricola, Forst.). — A curious aphis-like in- 
sect infesting the twigs of pear trees when the fruit is 
setting. They are covered with a sticky material, and in 
the honey-dew a fungus often develops, giving the twigs a 
sooty appearance. Often does gi'eat damage. 

Remedies. — DifiScult to combat. Spray with kerosene 
emulsion just after the leaves have expanded, whilst the 
nymphs ai-e young. Repeat, if necessary, within a period 



38 hokticultukist's rule-book. 

of two weeks after the nymphs appear, before they are 
protected by honey dew. During midsummer a forcible 
spray will destroy a very large proportion of the adults, 

Rose-Beetle. — See under Rose and Apple. 

Rounded-headed Borer. — See under Apple. 

Slug. — See under Cherry. 

TwiG-GiRDLER (Oncideres dngulatus, Say). — A brownish- 
gray beetle, about one-half inch long, which girdles twigs 
in August and September. The female lays eggs above the 
girdle. The twigs soon fall. 

Bemedij. — Burn the twigs, either cutting them off or 
gathering them when they fall. 

Twig-Pruner. — See under Apple. 
Persimmon. Twig-Girdler. — See under Pear. 
Pineapple. Katydid {Acanthacara similis). — A large katy- 
did which attacks, among other plants, the leaves of the 
pineapple. 

Bemedy. — Arsenites, before the plants are mature. 
Plant-Lice. — See Aphides. 
Plum. BuD-MoTH. — See under Apple. 

Canker-Worm. — See under Apple. 

Curculio {Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst.). — Larva, a 
whitish grub, feeding in the fruit. 

Bemedies. — Arsenites ; apply as soon as the calyx falls 
and repeat two or three times at intervals of about ten days. 
Plaster and carbolic acid mixture. Jarring the beetles on 
sheets very early in the morning, beginning when trees are 
in flower, and continuing from four to six weeks, is prob- 
ably the most sure procedure. There are various styles of 
sheets or receptacles for catching the insects as they fall 
from the tree. Catching beetles under chips or blocks 
a,bout base of tree, the insects being taken very early in 
the morning. 

Flat-headed Borer. — See under Apple. 

Pear-Twig Beetle. — See under Pear. 

Plum-Gouger (Coccotoi'us scutellaris, Lee). — A small 
larva, feeding upon the kernel of the plum. The beetle 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 39 

bores a round hole in the plum, instead of making a cres- 
cent mark like the curculio. 

Bemedy. — Same as for curculio. 
Scale ( Z^ecamwrn sp.). — A large circular scale occurring 
upon plum (and perhaps other) trees in New York, 

Bemedy. — Thorough spraying with kerosene emulsion 
(2) (1 part to 5 of water) in the winter. More dilute 
emulsion in midsummer when the young insects are on the 
leaves and young shoots. 
Slug. — See under Cherry. 
Twig-Pruner. — See under Apple. 
Poplar. CoTTOxwooD Leaf-Beetle (Lina scripta, Riley). — 
A striped beetle feeding on the leaves and shoots of poplars 
and willows. 
Bemedy. — Arsenites. 
Willow- Worm. — See under Willow. 
Potato. Colorado Potato-Beetle (Doryphora decemlineata, 
Say). — Beetle and larva feed upon the leaves. 

Bemedies. — Arsenites, either dry or in spray, about a 
third stronger than for fruits. Handpicking the beetle. 
Mole-Cricket (Gryllotolpa horealis, Burm.). — Mature in- 
sect curiously formed, whitish, feeding on tubers in low 
and mucky ground. 

Preventive. — Plant potatoes on upland. 
Stalk- Weevil (TricJioharis tri)iotata, Say). — A grub bor- 
ing in the stalk of the potato near or just below the ground. 
Serious at the west and in some places eastward. 
Bemedy. — Burn all infested vines. 
Privet or Prim. Privet Web-AVorm {Margaronia quadristig- 
mails, Gn.). — Small larva feeding in webs on the young 
shoots of the privet, appearing early in the season ; two to 
four broods. 

Bemedies. — Trim the hedge as soon as the worms appear 
and burn the trimmings. Attract the moths at night by 
lights. Probably the arsenites will prove useful. 
Quince. Round-headed Borers. — See under Apple. 
Slug. — See under »Cherry. 



40 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Radish. Maggot (Anthomyia Baphani of Harris, but now 
considered to be identical with the cabbage root-maggot). 
— Treated the same as the cabbage- maggot, which see. ' 
Raspberry. Cane-Borer (Oberea himaculata, Oliv.). — 
Beetle, black, small, and slim ; making two girdles about 
an inch apart near the tip of the cane, in June, and laying 
an egg just above the lower girdle ; the larva, attaining the 
length of nearly an inch, bores down the cane. Also in 
the blackberry. 

Bemedy. — As soon as the tip of the cane wilts, cut it off 

at the lower girdle and burn it. 

Raspberry Root-Borer (Bembecia marginata, Harris). — 

Larva about one inch long, boring in the roots and the 

lower parts of the cane, remaining in the root over winter. 

Bemedy. — Dig out the borers. 
Raspberry Saw-Fly (Selandria BubU Harris). — Larva 
about three-fourths inch long, green, feeding upon the 
leaves. 

Bemedies. — Hellebore. Arsenites, after fruiting. 
Root Gall-Fly (BhodUes radicum, Sacken). — A small 
larva which produces galls on the roots of the raspberry, 
blackberry, and rose, causing the bush to appear sickly, 
and eventually killing it. The swellings are probably 
often confounded with the true root-galls, which see 
under R. 

Bemedy. — There is no remedy except to destroy the 
galls ; if pla.nts are badly affected they must be dug up 
and burned. 
Snowy or Tree-Cricket {CEcanthus niveus^ Serv.). — Small 
and whitish cricket-like insect, puncturing canes for two 
or three inches, and depositing eggs in the punctures. 

Bemedy. — Burn infested canes in winter or very early 
spring. 
Red Spider (TetranycJms telarius, Linn.). — A small red 
mite infesting many plants, both in the greenhouse and 
out of doors. It flourishes in dry atmospheres, and on the- 
under sides of the leaves. 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 41 

Bemedies. — Persistent syringing with water will gen- 
erally destroy them, if the spray is applied to the under 
surface. Fumes of sulphur. Sulphide-of-soda wash. 
Kerosene emulsion as for Mites. 
Rhubarb. Rhubarb-Curculio {Lixus concavus^ Say). — A 
grub three-fourths inch long boring into the crown and 
roots. It also attacks wild docks. 

Remedy. — Bum all infested plants, and keep down the 
docks. 
Root-Gall, Crown-Gall. — A widespread disease, of which 
the cause is wholly unknown. It occurs upon the peach, 
apple, pear, raspberry, blackberry, and other plants. The 
swellings are hard and woody, and appear both at the 
crown of the plant — where they sometimes attain the size 
of one's double fists — and on the small roots. 

Bemedy. — Nothing is surely known in the way of 
remedy except to destroy badly infested trees. It is rec- 
ommended to dig away the earth, cut off or pare off the 
knots, and to paint the wounds with Bordeaux mixture. 
Nursery trees should be inspected for the galls. 
Root-Knot (Heterodera radicicola^ Miill.). — A disease charac- 
terized by the knotting and contortion of the roots of the 
peach, orange, and many other plants. The knots are mostly 
rather soft swellings, and on the smaller roots. It is usually 
most destructive on the peach. It is caused by a nematode, 
or true worm. Gulf States. Attacks gi-eenhouse plants in 
the north. 

Preventive. — Plant non-infested plants in fresh soil ; 
bud into healthy stocks. Fertilize highly, particularly with 
potassic fertilizers. Set the trees eight or ten inches deep 
in high and dry soils. Infested small trees may be 
remedied, in part at least, by transplanting them into 
highly manured holes which have been prepared contiguous 
to them. Does not live in regions where the ground 
freezes deeply. If it is feared in greenhouses, see that the 
soil has been thoroughly frozen before it is used. White- 
wash the benches. See Root-Gall. 



42 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Rose. Root Gall-Fly. — See under Raspberry. 

Mealy-Bug. — On roses, a gill of kerosene oil to a gallon of 
water is said to be a good remedy. Syringe the plants in 
the morning, and two hours later syringe again with clean 
water. See also under Mealy-Bug. 

Rose-Beetle, Rose-Chafer or "Rose-Bug" (Macrodacty- 
lus suhsjmiosus, Fabr.). — Beetle three-fourths inch long, 
light brown, feeding upon the leaves, blossoms, and fruit. 
A very difficult insect to fight. Most abundant upon sandy 
lands. Often invades fruit plantations, devouring almost 
everything before it. All methods of dealing with it are 
unsatisfactory. 

Bemedies. — Hand-4)icking. Knocking off on sheet early 
in morning. Bagging. Pyrethrum. Kerosene emulsion. 
Pyrethro-kerosene emulsion. Eau celeste. It is said to 
prefer Clinton grapes, spireas, rose-bushes and magnolias, 
and it has been suggested that these plants be used as a 
decoy. Open vials of bisulphide of carbon hung in bushes 
and vines are recommended by some. Sludge-oil soap, a 
manufactured material. Spraying with dilute lime white- 
wash. Hot water, at a temperature of 125° to 130° Fah- 
renheit. To prevent the insects from breeding, keep the 
light lands — in which they breed — under thorough culti- 
vation, and especially never seed them down. 

Rose Le af- Hopper (T?/p/iZoc!/6rt Bosce, Harris). — Hopper, 
very small, white, often mistaken for thrips ; lives on the 
leaves of roses. Various stages of growth may be found 
in the leaves throughout the summer, and even on indoor 
plants. 

Bemedies. — "Whale-oil soap. Kerosene. Kerosene 
emulsion. Nicotyl vapor. Dry pyrethrum blown on the 
bushes when they are wet. 
San Jos^ Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comst.). — A scale- 
insect recently introduced into the East from Cali- 
fornia (supposed to be native to Chile), living upon a 
variety of fruit-trees. The scale is generally circular, rarely 
a little elongated or irregular, one-sixteenth inch across 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 43 

(or rarely twice as large on succulent shoots or on the 
fruit). 

Remedies. — Kerosene emulsion, or whale-oil soap (2 lbs. 
to the gal.), in the winter, for the East. Upon the Pacific 
coast, resin washes. 

Scale-Insects. — Various species of small insects inhabiting 
the young growth of trees, and sometimes the fruit, in one 
stage characterized by a stationary scale-like appearance. 
Kerosene emulsion and resin washes in the winter are the 
best remedies. Species which migrate onto the young 
growth in spring can be readily despatched at that time by 
kerosene emulsion. 

Snails. — These animals are often very troublesome in green- 
houses, eating many plants voraciously. 

Preventives. — Trap them by placing pieces of turnip, 
cabbage, or potatoes about the house. Scatter bits of 
camphor-gum about the plants. Strew a line of salt along 
the edges of the bed. Lime dusted about the plants will 
keep them away. 

Squash. Borer or Root-Borer {Melittia Ceto, Westw.). — 
Larva, boring into the root or crown of squashes and other 
cucurbits. The moth flies only during the day, and lays its 
eggs in various places upon the plant. 

Bemedies. — Catch the moths, which are an inch long 
and blackish-brown with an olive-green lustre, as they 
settle upon the leaves (near the base on the upper side) 
at twilight. When the vines begin to run, cover the fourth 
or remoter joints with earth, in order that they may take 
root and help support the plant. 

Strawberry. Crown-Borer ( Tyloderma Fragarioe, Riley) . — 
White grub, one-fifth inch long, boring into the crown of 
the plant in midsummer. The mature insect is a curculio 
or weevil. 

Bemedy. — Burn over the field after the fruit is picked. 
If this does not destroy the insects, dig up the plants and 
burn them. 
Grub or May-Beetle. — See under May-Beetle. ' 



44 horticulturist's rule-book. 

. Leaf-Roller (Phoxopteris comptana, Frol.)- — Larva, less 
than one-half inch long, feeding on the leaves, and rolling 
them up in threads of silk ; two broods. 

Bemedies. — In first stage of attack apply hellebore or 
arsenites if the attack is very early, or if it is after the 
fruit is off. Burn the leaf -cases. 
RooT-BoRER (^Anarsia lineatella, Zeller). — Larva, about one- 
half inch long, whitish, boring into the crown of the plant 
late in the season and remaining in it over winter. 
Bemedy. — Burn the plant. 
RooT-LousE {Aphis Forhesii^ Weed). — From July to the 
close of the season the lice appear in great numbers on 
the crowns and in the roots of the plants. 

Bemedies. — Rotation in planting. Disinfect plants com- 
ing from infested patches by dipping the crowns and roots 
in kerosene emulsion. 
Saw-Fly (EmpJujtus maculatus, Norton). — Larva, nearly 
three-fourths inch long, greenish, feeding upon the leaves ; 
two broods. 
Bemedies. — Hellebore. Arsenites for second brood. 
Weevil {Antlioiiomus signatus, Say). — Beetle, one-tenth 
inch long, reddish, feeding on flower-buds, particularly those 
of the polleniferous varieties. 

Preventive. — Covering the plants with newspapers or 
clothT is said to be the only effective means of checking the 
pest. 

Bemedies. — Plaster and crude carbolic acid mixture. 
Sumac. Apple-Tree Borer. — See under Apple. 
Jumping Sumac-Beetle (Blepharida Bhois, Forst.). — Larva, 
half -inch long, dull-greenish yellow, feeding on leaves ; two 
broods. 

Bemedy. — Arsenites. 
Sweet-Potato, Saav-Fly {Schizocerus ebenus, Norton). — 
Small larva about one-fourth inch long, working upon the 
leaves. The fly is about the size of a house-fly. 

Bemedies. — Hellebore and pyrethrum are to be recom- 
mended ; also arsenites. 



INJURIOUS INSECTS. 45 

Tomato. Fruit-Worm {Heliothis armiger, Hub.). — Larva, 
one inch in length, pale green or dark brown, faintly 
striped, feeding upon the fruit. Also on corn and cotton. 
Bemedies. — Hand-picking. White hellebore. 
ToMATO-RiNGER {Stictocephala festina^ Say). — A leaf-hop- 
per which injures the stem of the young tomato-plant by 
puncturing it in a ring. Southward. 
No remedy is known. 
Tomato- Worm {Phlegethontms celeits, Hbn., or Macrosila 
quinquemaculata. Haw.) . — A very large green worm feed- 
ing upon the stems and leaves of the tomato and husk 
tomato. Seldom abundant enough to be very serious ; kept 
in check by parasites. 
Bemedies. — Hand-picking. Hellebore. Arsenites. 
Turnip. Maggot. — See under Cabbage. 
Verbena. Mite. — See page 33. 

White Ants, or Termites. — These insects often infest 
orchard trees in the southern States, particularly in 
orchards which contain old stumps or rubbish. 

Bemedy. — The soap-and-arsenites wash brushed over the 
trunk and branches of the tree. 
"WilloTV. Willow- Worm ( Vanessa antiopa, Linn.). — Larva, 
nearly two inches long, black, feeding upon leaves of 
willow, elm, and poplar ; two broods. 
Bemedy. — Arsenites. 
Wire-Worm (Various species). — Slim and brown larvae, 
feeding upon the roots of various plants. They are the 
larvae of the click-beetle or snapping-beetle. 

Bemedy. — Arsenites sprinkled upon baits of fresh clover 
or other material which is placed about the field under 
blocks or boards. Sweetened corn-meal dough also makes 
a good bait. The best treatment is to plough infested land 
in the fall. A system of short rotations of crops will 
lessen injury from wire-worms. 



CHAPTER III. 

FUNGICIDES, FOR PLANT-DISEASES. 

The results obtained from the use of any insecticide 
or fungicide depend much upon the operator. Timeli^ 
ness, tlioroughness, and persistence are the watchwords 
of success. It is easier to keep an enemy away than 
to drive him away. The worst foes are often the 
smallest ones, and the injury is often done before they 
are detected. Be ready, and begin early. Few people 
spray with sufficient thoroughness. 

The two most important fungicides are ammonia- 
cal carbonate of copper and Bordeaux mixture. The 
former is cheaper and more easily applied. The latter 
is more adhesive and generally the best. It may be 
applied even in the rain to advantage, when fair 
weather does not present itself. In case any disease 
is not mentioned, or you are in doubt and cannot secure 
advice, use one or the other of these preparations. 

Copper carbonate costs from 40 to 60 cents per pound. 

Copper sulphate costs 4 to 6 cents per pound. 

Ammoniacal carbonate of copper. — 1. Carbonate copper, 
1 ounce ; and ammonia (^ to 1 quart) enough to dissolve 
it. The best ammonia water to use for dissolving copper 
carbonate is made by using 1 volume 26° Beaume, with 7 
or 8 volumes of water. It can be kept indefinitely in 
corked bottles. Dilute with 9 gallons of water when 
wanted. This is the handiest formula. 

46 



FUNGICIDES, FOR PLANT-DISEASES. 47 

2. Into a vessel having a capacity of 2 quarts or more, 
pour 1 quart of ammonia (strength 22° BeaumS), add 
3 ounces carbonate of copper. Stir rapidly for a moment 
and the carbonate of copper will dissolve in the ammonia, 
forming a clear liquid. The concentrated liquid thus pre- 
pared may be kept indefinitely. Dilute to 25 gallons. 

3. Carbonate of copper, 5 ounces ; ammonia (26°), 3 
pints ; water, 45 gallons. 

It is better to wet the carbonate before dissolving it. 

Blue Vitriol. — See Sulphate of Copper. 

Bordeaux mixture (copper mixture of Gironde). — 1. Dis- 
solve 6 pounds of sulphate of copper in 4 or more gallons of 
water. In another vessel slake 4 pounds of quick lime ( 6 
pounds air-slaked) in a small quantity of water. When 
the latter mixture has cooled, it is poured into the copper 
solution, care being taken to mix the fluids thoroughly by 
constant stirring, and water is added to make about 40 gal- 
lons of mixture. Stir before applying. Stronger mixtures 
were at first recommended, but they are not now used. 
This is the normal mixture. 

2. Powdered sulphate of copper, 12 pounds in 15-20 
gallons of water ; lime, 8 pounds in 10-12 gallons of water. 
When the materials are thoroughly incorporated with the 
water, unite the two mixtures. 

3. Patrigeon Method. — Dissolve 6 pounds copper in 
water as for (1), and add milk of lime until a drop of 
ferrocyanide of potassium (yellow prussiate of potash) 
added to the mixture ceases to give a red-brown color 
reaction. Used because the minimum amount of lime is 
added, rendering the mixture more easy of application ; but 
Bordeaux made in this way often injures fruit, particularly 
in a wet season. 

The best way to dissolve the sulphate of copper is to 
suspend it in a bag of coffee-sacking in the top of a barrel 
of water. Use the pulverized sulphate. 

Bordeaux mixture may be applied in combination with 
the arsenites. See Chap. I. (page 3). 



48 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Bordeaux mixture is the best general fungicide. It is 
used for downy mildew and black-rot of the grape, blight 
and rot of the tomato and potato, blights of fruit, and 
many other diseases. 

Sometimes the mixture is not washed off grapes or plums 
by the rains. In this case, add one quart of strong cider- 
vinegar to 5 gallons of water, and dip the grapes, allowing 
them to remain a few minutes, then rinse once or twice. 
Dip the fruits by placing them in a wire basket. 

Carbolic acid (phenic acid). — Soapsuds, 10 gallons; glyc- 
erine, 1 pound ; carbolic acid, ^ pint. Mix thoroughly to 
form an emulsion. For orange-leaf scab. 

Copper, precipitated carbonate of. — Dissolve 2 pounds of 
sulphate of copper in hot water, and in another vessel 2| 
pounds of sal soda in hot water ; when cool, the two are 
added together with constant stirring. The mixture is then 
diluted to 25 gallons. For diseases of the grape. 

Copper sulphate. — See Sulphate of Copper. 

Corrosive sublimate (bichloride of mercury). — Used for 
potato scab, which see in Chap. IV. 

Destroying affected parts. — It is important that all affected 
parts should be removed and burned, if possible. In the 
fall all leaves and fruit which have been attacked by fungi 
should be raked up and burned. Diseased branches should 
be severed at some distance below the lowest visible point 
of attack. Fungous diseases often spread rapidly, and 
prompt action is usually necessary. Practise clean and 
tidy culture. 

Eau celeste. — 1 (^Audoynaud process) . Dissolve 1 pound of 
sulphate of copper in 2 gallons of hot water. When com- 
pletely dissolved and the water has cooled, add li pints 
of commercial ammonia (strength 22° BeaumS). When 
ready to use, dilute to 25 gallons. For treatment of downy 
mildew and black-rot of the grape, anthracnose, and blight 
and rot of the tomato and potato, and many other diseases. 
2. Modified eau celeste. Dissolve 1 pound of sulphate of 
copper in 2 gallons of water. In another vessel dissolve 1 



FUNGICIDES, FOR PLANT-DISEASES. 49 

pound of carbonate of soda. Mix the two solutions. 
When chemical reaction has ceased, add li pints of ammo- 
nia, then dilute to 25 gallons. For the same purposes as 
No. 1, and better. 

Grison liquid {Eau Grison). — Prepared by boiling 3 pounds 
each of flowers of sulphur and lime in 6 gallons of water 
until reduced to 2 gallons. When settled, pour off the 
clear liquid and bottle it. When used, mix 1 pint of clear 
liquid in 100 parts of water. For European mildew and 
powdery mildew of vines. 

Podeschard's powder. — Dissolve 45 pounds of sulphate of 
copper in water. When thoroughly dissolved, pour the 
solution upon 225 pounds of air-slaked lime, which is sur- 
rounded by 30 pounds of ashes to keep the liquid from 
spreading. After 24 hours add 20 pounds of flowers of 
sulphur. Thoroughly mix the compound, ashes and all. 
When dry, sift through a sieve with meshes of one-eighth 
inch. Will keep for months. For downy mildew, mildew 
and anthracnose. 

Potassium sulphide. — See Sulphide of Potassium. 

Rotation of crops is one of the most effective and prac- 
ticable means of heading off fungous diseases. . It may be 
applied to strawberries for the leaf-blight, by fruiting the 
patch but a single year, and to blackberries and raspberries 
by destroying the patch after two or three crops have been 
harvested. 

Sulfo-steatite, or Cupric steatite. — An exceedingly fine blu- 
ish powder composed of steatite, or talc, and about 10 per 
cent of sulphate of copper. Considered the most adherent 
of all fungicide powders. Is often injurious to foliage and 
should be applied with care. For mildews. 

Sulphate of copper (Blue Vitriol). — 1. Dissolve 1 pound of 
pure sulphate of copper in 15 gallons of water. For downy 
mildew and black-rot of grape and apple-scab in winter, or 
in spring before the buds swell. Use 25 gallons water for 
peaches. Should be applied only to dormant wood. 

2. Dissolve 5 to 8 pounds in 10 gallons of water. For 

£ 



50 horticulturist's rule-book. 

soaking grains previous to sowing, to destroy spores of 
smuts. The Germans use a -J-per cent solution, and soak 
the grains for about 16 hours. 

3. A saturated solution with 1 per cent sulphuric acid 
added is sometimes used in place of a similar one of iron 
sulphate for grape anthracnose in winter. 

Sulphatine powder, the Esteve process. — Mix 2 pounds 
of anhydrous sulphate of copper with 20 pounds of flowers 
of sulphur and 2 pounds of air-slaked lime. For mildew, 
downy mildew, and black-rot of grape, tomato, and potato- 
blight and rot. 

Sulphate of iron. — 1. Simple solution in water of 4 to 8 
pounds to the gallon. To be used only as a wash before 
the buds swell. A saturated solution to which about 1 per 
cent of sulphuric acid is added is successfully used in 
Europe, for anthracnose of the vine, etc., in winter. 
2. For a spray, dissolve about 1 pound to the gallon. 

Sulphide, or sulphuret, of potassium (liver of sulphur). — 
Simple solution in water of ^ to 1 ounce to the gallon. For 
mildew in greenhouses, mildew on roses, erinose of vine, 
orange leaf-scab, celery leaf -blight, pear and apple-scab and 
various rots. 

Sulphide-of-soda wash {HUgarcVs). — Dissolve 30 pounds 
of whale-oil soap in 60 gallons of water by heating the two 
together thoroughly. Then boil 3 pounds of American 
concentrated lye with 6 pounds of sulphur and 2 gallons of 
water. When thoroughly dissolved, it is a dark-brown 
liquid, chemically called sulphide of soda. Mix the two — 
the soap and the sulphur — well, and allow them to boil for 
half an hour, then add 90 gallons of water to the mixture, 
and it is ready for use. Apply it warm by means of a 
spray-pump. Used warm, its effect is better, and less 
material is required than when cold. For scab diseases. 

Sulphur. — In its dry and pulverized state, sulphur, known as 
flowers of sulphur, is often a valuable fungicide, particu- 
larly for surface mildew. In the greenhouse it may also 
be used in fumes. Evaporate it over a steady heat, as an 



FUNGICIDES, FOR PLANT-DISEASES. 51 

oil-stove, until the house is filled with the vapor. It should 
never be heated to the burning point, as burning sulphur 
quickly destroys most plants. To prevent burning, place 
the sulphur and pan in a pan of sand, and set the whole 
upon the oil-stove. It may also be used in water, in the 
proportion of an ounce of sulphur to 5 gallons of water. 

Sulphur and lime. — A mixture of sulphur and lime in equal 
parts by weight. For dusting on surface mildews. 

Sulphuric acid. — Used in connection with sulphate of iron 
or of copper, which see. 



CHAPTER IV. 

PLANT-DISEASES, WITH PREVENTIVES AND 
REMEDIES. 

As a general rule, all fungi which attack the leaves 
and cause them to become spotted, as the various leaf- 
blights and mildews, are readily kept in check by 
the thorough applications of fungicides. Fungi which 
destroy the deeper tissues, as black-knot of plums and 
red-rust of the quince, can also be kept off if the plant 
is always covered with a fungicide. For the germ or 
bacterial diseases, like pear-blight and others, there 
are no specific preventives or remedies, and the horti- 
culturist must resort to timely pruning, rotation of 
crops, or various methods of strategy. 

The Bordeaux mixture is now considered to be the 
best fungicide, but as it is essentially a whitewash 
(colored with blue vitriol) it discolors fruits and 
foliage. On ornamental plants, therefore, ammoniacal 
carbonate of copper or modified eau celeste is prefer- 
able. Upon fruits which are nearly full grown, the Bor- 
deaux mixture may also be displaced by the other 
fungicides, if it is necessary to spray at that period. 

Almond. Leaf-Blight or Almond Disease ( Cercospora cir- 
cumcissa, Sacc). — Attacks the foliage, making perfora- 
tions and causing the leaves to fall. Serious in parts of 
California. 

52 



PLANT-DISEASES. 63 

Bemedies. — Spray with ammoniacal carbonate of cop- 
per, or modified eau c61este (ammonia is added before 
sal-soda) . 
Apple. Blight. — The same disease as pear-blight, which see. 
Brown-Rot. — See under Cherry. 

Powdery-Mildew (Podosphcera Oxycanthce, DeBary). — At- 
tacks nursery stocks, covering leaves with a grayish and 
powdery meal-like mildew. 

Bemedies. — Bordeaux mixture, or ammoniacal car- 
bonate of copper, applied four or five times. 
Ripe-Rot or Bitter-Rot (Gloeosporium fructigenum, 
Berk.). — A rot which attacks ripe apples and grapes. It 
attacks the fruit before it is picked, usually, although it 
may not become apparent until it is stored. Many of the 
culls in packed fruit are due to this fungus. 

Bemedies. — Spray the fruit late in the season (begin- 
ning early in August) with ammoniacal carbonate of 
copper, or potassium sulphide (^ ounce to gallon of water). 
Rust (Species of Boestelia). — Bright yellow rust appearing 
on the young leaves and fruit, causing the whole tree to 
become enfeebled. It is now known that one stage of this 
fungus is the "cedar-apple" which grows on red cedars 
and junipers, where it is known as Gymnosporangium. 
Several species have been described. Also attacks quince. 

Preventive. — Destroy the cedars or keep them free from 
the "apples." Destroy hawthorns and escaped apples, 
which are liable to be infested. Some varieties of apples 
appear to be more susceptible to injury than others. 

Bemcdy. — Spray early with Bordeaux mixture, as for 
apple-scab. 
Scab {Fusicladium dendriticum, Fckl.). — Olive green, brown 
or blackish sooty and scab-like spots on the leaves and 
fruit, arresting growth and causing the parts to become 
distorted, and often causing the very young fruit to fall. 
Very common. When bad, the foliage looks brown and 
dry. 

Bemedies. — Spray with sulphate of copper while the trees 



54 horticulturist's rule-book. 

are dormant, if apple-scab is feared. Thereafter spray 
with Bordeaux mixture. The first application of this 
should be made as soon as the leaves appear and before the 
blossoms open, and the second as soon as the blossoms fall. 
Two or three subsequent sprayings may be necessary at 
intervals of two or three weeks. Ammoniacal carbonate 
of copper, applied as above, has also given good results. 

Apricot. Leaf-Rust. — See under Plum. 

Aster. Leaf-Rust (Coleosporium iSoiichi-arvensis, L6v.). — 
Orange-colored spots or pimples on the leaves (chiefly 
underneath) of China Asters, causing the foliage to shrivel 
and die. 

Bemedy. — Spray with Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal 
carbonate of copper. 

Balm of Gilead. Leaf-Rust. — See under Poplar. 

Bean. Anthracnose, or Pod-Rust {Colletotriclium Linde- 
muthianum, Briosi and Cav.), — Reddish-brown scab-like 
spots appearing upon bean-pods, particularly upon the yel- 
low-podded string-beans. It is said to attack the water- 
melon, cucumber, and other cucurbits. The fungus 
sometimes lies dormant in bean seeds and destroys the 
plantlets. 

Preventive. — Plant in dry and airy places, on light soil, 
and avoid rotations with melons, cucumbers, etc. 

Bemedies. — Copper sprays, especially Bordeaux mixture. 
Sulphur and water. 

Be^n, Lima. Blight (Phytophthora Phaseoli, Thaxter). — 
Attacks the pods in August and September, covering them 
with a white, felted coating. It also attacks the young 
shoots and leaves. 

Bemedy. — Bordeaux mixture. 

Beet. Leaf-Spot (Cercospora beticola, Sacc). — The trouble 
begins as light or ash-gray spots upon the leaves. Event- 
ually the leaf becomes much cracked and torn. Common 
in the eastern States. 
Bemedies. — Bordeaux mixture. Burn diseased leaves. 
Root-Rot (^Phyllosticta sp.). — A coal-black dry rot of 



PLANT-DISEASES. 55 

beets in storage. The fungus probably also lives upon the 
leaves, making large circular spots. 

Preventives. — Rotation of crops. Be careful to remove 
all spotted leaves when storing the roots. 

Bemedy. — For the fungus on the leaves spray vs^ith 
Bordeaux mixture. 
Rust {Uromyces Betce^ Pers.). — Powdery reddish-brown 
spots on the leaves of beets in California, often doing 
much injury. 

Bemedies. — Bordeaux mixture. Burn the infested 
leaves. 
Scab (Oospora scabies, Thax.). — The fungus which causes 
scabby patches ; also attacks potatoes. 

Preventive. — Do not grow beets where potatoes have 
grown the preceding year or two. 
Blackberry. Cane-Rust or Anthracnose. — See under 
Raspberry. 
Red or Orange-Rust. — See under Raspberry. 
Buttonwood. Leaf-Scorching. — See under Plane-Tree. 
Cabbage. Club-Root or Club-Foot {Plasmidiophora Bras- 
sicce, Woronin). — A contorted swelling of the root of the 
cabbage in the field, preventing the plant from heading and 
causing it to assume a sickly appearance. It also attacks 
the cauliflower, turnip, and allied plants, and radish, 
shepherd' s-purse, and the common hedge mustard. 

Bemedies. — Burn the roots as soon as the disease 
appears. Alternate crops. Keep down the weeds upon 
which the disease breeds. It is thought that stable- 
manures aggravate the disease. Lime put upon the land, 
75 bushels to the acre, is thought to be a partial remedy. 
Carnation. Anthracnose {Volutella sp.). — Attacks cut- 
tings, and also stems near the joints, making dirty brown 
depressed areas, marked with minute black pimples. 

Preventives. — Be careful to select only perfectly healthy 
stock in propagation, — advice which also applies to other 
carnation diseases. Keep the fungus off healthy stock by 
spraying with Bordeaux mixture. 



56 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Fairy-Ring Spot {Heterosporium echinulatum, Cooke). — 
Produces circular light-colored spots upon the leaves. 
The fungus grows centrifugally, usually giving ri^e to 
successive rings of light and dark color. 

Preventives. — Care in selecting stock. Bordeaux mixt- 
ure. 
Rust {Uromyces caryophylUnus, Schr.). — Produces gray 
blisters upon the leaves, the spots finally rupturing and 
showing the rusty discoloration of the spores. 

Preventives. — Careful picking and burning of the in- 
fected parts is one of the surest preventives of further 
attacks. Spray with Bordeaux mixture. 
Spot or Blight (Septoria DiantJii, Desra.). — Attacks the 
leaves in large brown or purplish spots, which have a 
whitish centre, or occasionally the whole leaf becomes dis- 
colored and wilts. Sometimes attacks the flower-stems 
and the flowers do not open. 

Preventives. — If tbe disease is feared, be careful not to 
apply water to the leaves. Ammoniacal carbonate of cop- 
per or Bordeaux mixture. Burn all infested leaves. 
Celery. Celery Leaf-Blight, Rust or Sun-Scald ( Cercospora 
Apii, Fries). — Appears in hot and dry places and seasons, 
about midsummer. Small yellowish spots appear upon 
the leaves ; later the leaves turn yellow, then brown, and 
die. 

Preventives. — Plant in a moist and cool place, and shade 
the plants if necessary. Destroy all diseased leaves in 
autumn. 

Bemedy. — Spray with Bordeaux mixture early in the 
season, and with ammoniacal carbonate of copper later on 
if continued treatment is necessary. 
Cherry. Brown-Rot (Monilia fructigejia, Pers.). — Attacks 
flowers, leaves, and fruit. The flowers die and decay, the 
leaves become discolored with brownish patches, and the 
fruit rots on the tree. Attacks also peaches, plums, and 
apples. 
Bemedies. — Burn all infested fruit and leaves in the 



PLANT- DISEASES. 57 

fall. Before buds expand in spring spray with sulphate of 
iron or copper. When the flowers are falling, spray again 
with Bordeaux mixture, and thereafter with ammoniacal 
carbonate of copper or modified eau celeste, and repeat the 
operation at intervals of a week or two until the fruit begins 
to color. See under Peach. 
Leaf-Rust. See under Plum. 
Powdery-Mildew. See under Apple. 
Chrysanthemum. Leaf-Spot (Septoria sp.) . — First appears 
as dark brown spots which increase in size until the leaf 
dies. Also causes cuttings to damp off. 

Bemedy. — Pick and burn all diseased leaves, and then 
spray the plant with Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal 
carbonate of copper. 
Com. Rot or Burrill Disease. — Due to bacteria {Bacillus 
Cloacoe). The plants are dwarfed, and unusually slender. 
The roots become mucilaginous and decay, as do the leaf- 
sheaths and the ears. 

No remedies or preventives are known, except rotation. 
Once thought to cause a disease of cattle, but this is now 
disproved. 
Smut (Ustilago Maydis^ DC). — Attacks the ears and stalks 
of corn, producing familiar black abnormal growths. 
Preventive. — Plant seed from clean fields. 
Bemedies. — Cut out smut and burn it. It is held by 
some that the plant is infected from diseased seed, and that 
soaking the seed in sulphate of copper or ammoniacal car- 
bonate of copper is a preventive ; experiments upon this 
point have thus far been unsatisfactory, however. 
Cottonwood. Leaf-Rust. — See under Poplar. 
Cranberry. Gall-Fungus or Red-Rust {Synchytrium Vac- 
ciniiy Thomas). — Minute red galls or pimples upon the 
leaves, flowers, and stems, causing the parts to become 
misshapen and dwarfed. 

Bemedies. — Burn the infested plants and also wild plants 
about the bog, which are infested. Withholding the water 
from the bog in winter and spring may subdue it. 



58 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Scald. — Attacking the fruit early in the season, at first pro- 
ducing a scalded appearance, and later decay. 

Bemedies. — Sanding or earthing the bog an inch deep, 
and keeping water off in summer, are partial remedies. 
Cucumber. ' Blight. — A bacterial trouble, causing the entire 
vine, or a branch of it, to droop and die. No remedy is 
known. 

Mildew (Erysiphe Cichoracearum, DC). — A white mold- 
like mildew which appears in spots upon the upper surface 
of the leaves of cucumbers, especially under glass. 

Bemedies. — Evaporated sulphur. Spray with ammoni- 
acal carbonate of copper. 

Powdery Mildew. — See under Muskmelon. 
Currant. Anthracnose (Glceosporium Bibis, M. & D.). — 
Small, dark brown or blackish spots chiefly on the upper sur- 
face of the leaves, but within the tissues. The cuticle over 
the spots is pushed up, giving the spots a whitish blister-like 
appearance. The leaves finally turn yellow, and they fall 
in July and August. 

Preventive. — Thorough application of Bordeaux mixture. 

Rust or Leaf-Spot {Septoria Bibis, Desm.). — Appears 
about midsummer, on leaves of white, red, and black 
currants, as whitish spots with black centres. It causes 
the leaves to fall. Another spot disease is caused by Cerco- 
spora angulata^ Wint. 

Bemedies. — Destroy infested leaves. Spraying with 
Bordeaux mixture and carbonate of copper, as for grape- 
rot. 
Damping-of f . — A term applied to the decay of young seed- 
lings and cuttings at or near the surface of the ground. 
The trouble is undoubtedly due to a great variety of 
causes, but it is thought to be oftenest the work of fungi, 
particularly Artotrogus DeBaryanus. Phytophtfiora Cacto- 
rum (or Pythium omnivorum) causes a similar disease of 
small seedling trees. It is probably sometimes due to some 
fungus which exists in the seed, and in such cases — if they 
could be determined — soaking the seed in carbonate of 



PLANT-DISEASES. 59 

copper is to be recommended (see Bean). Other diseases, 
much like damping-off in general external characters, seem 
to be due to bacteria. A confined atmosphere, compact 
and wet soil, favor damping-off. 

Preventives and Bemedies. — Ventilate the cutting or 
seed-beds, do not let the plants crowd, and do not keep 
very wet, and keep the soil equally moist throughout its 
depth, and the surface dry. When the trouble appears 
among valuable plants, the healthy ones should be trans- 
planted into fresh soil. Dusting the soil with sulphur, and 
sifting upon it and the plants very hot clean sand are to be 
recommended. 

Dropsy. — See CEdema. 

Gooseberry. Mildew {Sphcerotheca Mors-uvoe, B. & C). — A 
downy mildew attacking the fruits and young growth of 
English varieties of gooseberry (varieties of Bibes Grossu- 
laria) . 

Bemedies. — Potassium sulphide (liver of sulphur), ^ 
ounce to a gallon of water is a sure remedy, if applied as 
soon as the leaves begin to unfold, and at intervals of two or 
three weeks thereafter. Bordeaux mixture is equally good. 

Grape. Anthracnose or Scab (Sphaceloma Ampeli7ium, De 
Bary). — The fungus attacks the leaves, where it forms 
definite brown spots, and also the young shoots and the 
fruits, where it forms pits or scabs. Generally distributed 
east of the Mississippi. Probably introduced from Europe. 
Bemedies. — It is difficult to combat. Before growth 
starts, cut out and burn affected canes and then spray 
plants and trellises with a saturated solution of sulphate of 
iron. After the leaves open, use Bordeaux mixture to pre- 
vent new attacks. 
Black-Rot (Lcestadia Bidwellii, V. & K. ; Phoma uvicola, 
B. & C.)- — Attacks nearly full-grown berries. The fruit 
becomes black, hard, dry, and shrivelled, and is covered with 
minute pimples. Occurs east of the Rocky Mountains, 
especially southwards. Of American origin. 
Preventive. — A board placed over the trellis, as men- 



60 horticulturist's rule-book. 

tioned under the downy mildew, is some protection ; but 
the spray is sure. 

Eemedies. — Burn infested fruits in autumn. If *an 
attack is feared, spray with a plain solution of sulphate of 
iron or copper before the buds swell. Thereafter use 
Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal carbonate of copper, at 
intervals of 10 to 15 days, continuing for five or six applica- 
tions if necessary. The first spraying is made just before 
the blossoms open. Perhaps the best method is to use 
Bordeaux mixture for the first applications, and ammo- 
niacal carbonate of copper for the last one or two, as this 
removes the danger of discoloring the grapes by the 
Bordeaux mixture. Very good results are obtained by 
the continuous use of the carbonate of copper, and it is 
applied more easily than the Bordeaux mixture. 

The cost of spraying grapes six times during the season, 
including the cost of the chemicals, is estimated at two 
cents per vine for ammoniacal carbonate of copper and 
three cents for Bordeaux mixture. These figures assume 
that the best appliances are used, and that the plantation 
is a half acre or more in extent, and that the copper carbo- 
nate costs not to exceed 40 cents per pound and the copper 
sulphate not to exceed 6 cents per pound. 

Note. — The following are synonyms for black-rot: 
Sphceria Bidwellii, Physalospora Bidwellii, Phoma uvicola, 
Phoma uvicola var. Labruscce, Sphoeropsis uvarum, Phoma 
uvarum^ Nemaspora ampelicida^ Phyllosticta Labruscce (the 
"leaf -spot" form), Phyllosticta viticola, Phoma ustulatum, 
Phyllosticta ampelopsidis, Sacidium viticolum, Septoria 
viticola, Ascochyta Ellisii. 
California Vine-Disease. — An obscure disease, probably 
of fungous or bacterial origin, causing the leaves to assume 
red or yellow markings and discolored edges; the canes 
make a short growth and become discolored and shed 
their leaves early, and the berries shrivel and dry up or 
sometimes fall. The leaves usually curl more or less. 
Remedies are unknown. 



PLANT-DISEASES. 61 

Downy Mildew, Brown-Rot, Gray-Rot (Peronospora 
viticola, De Bary). — Appears in small frost-like patches 
on the under surface of the leaves, and causes yellowish 
discoloration on the upper surface. It also produces the 
brown-rot and the gray-rot of the fruit. The young ber- 
ries remain small and firm, usually not wrinkled, being at 
first gray in color, while the older ones become brown. 
The disease is worst on thin and smooth-leaved varieties, 
as the Delaware and others. It extends generally thfough- 
out N. America. Of American origin. 

Preventive. — A wide board nailed flatwise on the top of 
the trellis so as to protect the vines somewhat, as with 
a roof, is a considerable protection, as it tends to keep 
the vines dry. Vines trained against a building rarely 
suffer. 

Bemedies. — The same as for black-rot, which see. 

Powdery Mildew. {Uncinula spiralis, B. & C). — Appears 
early in the season as delicate dust-like patches or covering 
on the leaves, mostly on the upper surface, and on shoots 
and fruits. Berries attacked by it become checked in 
growth, and may remain small and die, or they sometimes 
grow and crack before death ensues. It attacks grapes in 
vineries which are not properly ventilated and managed. 
Occurs generally throughout the Union, but is less destruc- 
tive than the downy mildew. American origin. 

Bemedies. — Dry sulphur applied to the vines, two or three 
times — once when the shoots just begin to push, again 
when in blossom, and usually again shortly before the 
grapes begin to turn. Apply in warm and bright weather, 
after the dew is off. In vineries, the sulphur may be scat- 
tered on the hot pipes. Any of the sprays of copper com- 
pounds are specifics, and are to be recommended for use in 
vineyards suffering from the disease, in preference to sul- 
phur. 

Rattles. — A shelling of the grapes from the cluster when 
they are nearly ripe. Particularly serious in western New 
York. It is supposed to be due largely to lack of available 



62 horticulturist's rule-book. • 

potash in the soil. Other uncongenial conditions of soil 
and climate may aggravate it. 
RiPE-RoT {Glceosporium fritctigenum^ Berk.). — See under 
Apple. The treatment for black-rot is efficacious for this. 

Hollyhock. Rust {Fuccinia Malvacearum, Mont.). — Ap- 
pears upon leaves of hollyhocks and a few related plants 
in small, light brovv^n patches. Introduced from Europe, 
and becoming common in this country. 

Remedies. — To destroy the plants is the only general 
method yet employed to prevent the spread of the disease, 
but spraying early with Bordeaux mixture is to be advised. 

Lettuce. Mildew {Peronospora gangliformis^ De Bary). — 
A delicate mildew, attacking lettuce-leaves and causing 
yellow or brown spots, and finally killing the leaf. 

Preventives. (According to Maynard.) — Grow at a low 
temperature (35° to 40° at night, 50° to 70° during day) ; 
give abundance of plant-food ; give abundance of water, 
but apply it in morning and bright days only j avoid sudden 
extreme changes of temperature. 
Bemedy. — Fumes of sulphur. 
Rot (^Botrytis vulgaris, Fries.). — Forced lettuce often rots 
down, particularly the heading varieties. The fungus 
which causes the rot lives in manure and decaying matter. 
If manure is used, mix it well with the soil, keep the soil 
stirred on top and avoid keeping it too wet. Spreads most 
rapidly in a moist, confined atmosphere. 

Maple. Leaf-Spot (Phyllosticta acericola, C. & E.). — Attacks 
the leaves of red, silver, and striped maples in spring, caus- 
ing them to become spotted and unsightly, and lessening 
the vigor of the tree. 

Bemedies. — Rake and burn the leaves in autumn. When 
the leaves are two-thirds grown spray with Bordeaux mix- 
ture, and repeat every three or four weeks as long as 
necessary. 

Moss or Lichens on trees is readily removed by spraying with 
Bordeaux mixture, or strong alkaline washes. (See Chap. 
VI.) 



PLANT-DISEASES. 63 

Muskmelon. Powdery Mildew (Plasmopara Cubensisy B. 
& C). — Attacks the leaves of the melon, cucumber, water- 
melon, and pumpkin. It causes large, angular discolorations 
upon the upper surface of the leaf, and violet, frost-like 
patches beneath. Badly affected leaves become ragged. 

Bemedy. — Bordeaux mixture. 

Other leaf-diseases are frequent upon the muskmelon. 
Hursery Stock. — Various leaf fungi attack young trees in nur- 
sery rows, causing the foliage to blight and sometimes to fall. 

Preventives. — Good tillage and well-drained soil. Strong 
stock. 

Remedy. — Spray with Bordeaux mixture. 
GEidema or Dropsy is a disorder of various plants under glass, 
as tomatoes, violets, geraniums, which have insufficient sun- 
light, stimulating temperature and soil, and too much moist- 
ure. It has also been observed on twigs of the apple. It 
is usually indicated by elevated corky or spongy points or 
masses, much resembling fungous injury. The leaves curl. 
The only remedy is to improve the conditions under which 
the plant grows. 
Onion. Rust {Peronospora Schleideniaiia, Unger). — The 
leaves turn yellow about the time the onions begin to bot- 
tom, or a little later, and wilt and die. 

Bemedies. — Grow on land not infected, and destroy all 
affected onions. Spray early with copper fungicides. 
Smut {JJrocystis Cepulce, Frost). — Attacks the first leaf or 
leaves of seedling onions, producing dark, irregular spots, 
and killing or weakening the plants. 

Bemedy. — The sulphur and lime mixture drilled into the 
ground with the seed, about an ounce of the mixture to 
50 feet of drill. 
Orange. Orange-Leaf Scab (Cladosporium) . — The leaves 
become yellow and distorted. 

Remedies. — Spray with copper fungicides, or carbolic acid 
and glycerine mixture. 
Pansy. Rust (Peronospora Violce, De Bary). — Blackish or 
brown spots upon the leaves. 



64 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Eemedies. — Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal carbonate 
of copper. 
Pea. Mildew (Erysiphe Martii, L6v.). — A whitish fungus 
overspreading the foliage of peas, particularly the late 
crops. 

Bemedies. — Try Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal carbo- 
nate of copper. 
Peach. Black-Spot (Cladosporium carpophUum, Thm.). — 
Sooty-black scab-like patches upon the fruit, causing it to 
crack deeply. Some varieties, as Hill's Chili, are very 
liable to attack. 

Remedies. — Probably spraying with dilute Bordeaux mix- 
ture, or ammoniacal carbonate of copper, would be useful. 

Brown-Rot. — See under Cherry. 

Curl, Leaf-Curl or " "Prenchinct " (Exoascus deformans, 
Fuckl. ; written also Ascomyces deformans and Taphrina 
deformans). — The leaves become blistered and crumpled 
early in the season and fall off. 

Bemedies. — Good culture, to enable the tree to put 
forth new leaves, is to be recommended. Spray in spring, 
before the buds open, with sulphate of copper or iron, and 
follow with two or three applications of Bordeaux mixture. 

Leaf-Rust. — See under Plum. 

Powdery Mildew. — See under Apple. Spray with weak 
Bordeaux mixture. Attacks both foliage and fruit of the 
peach. 

Root-Gall and Root-Knot. — See entries under R, Chap. XL 

Rosette. — An obscure southern disease of peach trees 
and some kinds of plums, characterized by bunchy growths 
containing very many rolled and yellowish leaves which 
fall prematurely. The tree dies the first or second year. 
There is no premature fruit, as in yellows. It is often ac- 
companied by gummosis of the roots. The disease is 
communicable by budding, and it may enter through the 
roots. All affected trees should be exterminated. Known 
in South Carolina, Georgia, Kansas, and Arkansas. 

Rot and Blight {Monilia fructigena, Pers.). — This is the 



PLANT-DISEASES. 65 

familiar quick rotting of peaches when nearly ripe or after 
they are picked, and the same fungus causes the blight'ug 
of young shoots. It also destroys the flowers, and its 
injury may then be mistaken for effects of frost. It also 
attacks plums, cherries, apricots, and to a smaller extent 
apples and pears. The rotted fruits sometimes dry up and 
hang on the tree all winter. In such cases, the fruit spur 
is apt to be killed by the fungus. Partial to some varieties. 

Preventives. — Burn or bury all affected fruits as soon as 
they appear. In wet weather, when peaches are rotting 
badly on the tree, systematic attempts should be made to 
pick and destroy the injured fruits. Burning or ploughing 
under the leaves in the fall is to be recommended. Before 
the leaves appear, spray with some copper compound, as 
sulphate of copper or Bordeaux mixture, and spray there- 
after several times. It is said that harvested fruit can be 
preserved for a short time against the fungus by dipping it 
in a solution of potassium sulphide (liver of sulphur). 
Yellows. — A fatal disease of peaches ; also attacks nectar- 
ine, almond, apricot, and Japanese plum. Cause un- 
known. The first symptom in bearing trees is usually the 
premature ripening of the fruit. This fruit contains defi- 
nite small red spots which extend towards the pit. The 
second stage is usually the appearance of "tips," or short, 
late, second growths upon the ends of healthy twigs, and 
which are marked by small, horizontal, usually yellowish, 
leaves. The next stage is indicated by very slender shoots, 
which branch the first year and which start in tufts from 
the old limbs, bearing narrow and small yellowish leaves. 
Later the entire foliage becomes smaller and yellow. In 
three to six years the tree dies. The disease spreads from 
tree to tree. It attacks trees of any age. Known at pres- 
ent only in regions east of the Mississippi. Peculiar to 
America, so far as known. 

Preventive. — Pull up and bum all trees as soon as 
the disease appears. Trees may be reset in the places 
from which the yellows trees were taken. Laws aiming to 



66 horticulturist's rule-book. 

suppress the disease should be enacted in all peach-growing 
States. 
Pear. Blight (Micrococcus amylovorus, Burrill). — A very 
serious bacterial disease. The microbes work in the young 
wood, causing it to die. The bark becomes brown and 
sunken over the diseased parts. The death of the shoots 
causes the leaves to die. The disease is readily distin- 
guished from the leaf-blight in the fact that the leaves are 
equally brown and discolored over their entire surface, 
and they become dry and hang on the tree. The disease 
enters through growing points, probably largely through 
the blossoms, and it proceeds rather slowly down the twig. 
If short twigs or spurs along the trunk or large branches 
are attacked, the disease frequently spreads in the large 
branch, showing as a sunken patch, and it may girdle the 
branch and thereby cut off food supply to the points 
beyond. Generally distributed east of the 100th meridian. 
Known only in America. Attacks the apple and quince. 

Preventives. — Some varieties, like Duchess, Lawrence, 
and Kieffer, are partially immune. See that useless spurs 
or sprouts do not grow upon the trunk or large branches. 

Bemedy. — As soon as the disease is discovered, cut off 
the affected parts a foot below the point of lowest visible 
attack, and burn them. A tree which has been seriously 
mutilated may be top-grafted the following year. 
Leaf-Blight and Cracking of the Fruit {Entomosporium 
maculatum^ L^v. ; Morthiera Mespili is the same). — 
Attacks nursery-stocks of pears, beginning as small and 
circular brown spots on the leaves ; soon the entire leaf 
turns brown and falls. Also causes the cracking of the 
fruit, being particularly serious upon some varieties, 
such as Flemish Beauty, Seckel, and Virgalieu (White 
Doyenne). 

Bemedies. — Bordeaux mixture, eau celeste (2), or ammo- 
niacal carbonate of copper, applied four or five times. 
Begin when the leaves are half-grown, and follow at inter- 
vals of from two to four weeks. The Bordeaux is now 



PLANT-DISEASES. 67 

most commonly used, and is a specific when properly 
applied. 

RooT-RoT (Polypoi'us versicolor, Fries). — Attacks the roots, 
the white and felt-like threads of the fungus at length 
becoming very abundant and conspicuous. The trees 
produce a short and thick growth, the new wood beirg 
reddish, the leaves becoming yellowish or bronzed, and 
there is an unusual tendency to form fruit-buds. The tree 
may die quickly or may live for several years. The roots 
rot away and the tree tips over. The disease is worst on 
poor and dry soils and in grassy orchards. 

Bemedies. — Give good culture. Remove the earth from 
the crown and apply a dressing of lime. 

Rust. — See under Apple. 

Scab {Fusicladium pyrinum^ Fuckl.). — Brown or blackish 
scab-like spots on the leaves and fruit, arresting the growth 
and causing the parts to become distorted. 

Bemedy. — Spray several times during May, June, and 
July with Bordeaux mixture, the same as for apple-scab. 
Plane-Tree. Leaf-Scorching {Glceosporium 7iervisequum, 
Sacc). — Attacks the leaves in spring, causing them to 
appear as if scorched. They finally fall off. Attacks both 
the native and oriental planes. 

Bemedies. — Burn all leaves when they faU. Spray with 
copper compounds. 
Plum. Brown-Rot. — See under Cherry. 

Leaf-Blight or Shot-Hole Fungus {Cylindrosporium Padi 
or Septoria cerasina, Peck). — Appears as spots upon the 
leaves in July, and these spots assume definite outlines, 
and often fall out, leaving holes like shot-holes. The leaves 
fall early, preventing the fruit from maturing. The disease 
is sometimes designated simply "Falling of the leaves." 
Very serious. Some varieties are very liable to attack. 

Bemedies. — Bordeaux mixture, modified eau celeste, or 
ammoniacal carbonate of copper applied several times dur- 
ing the season, beginning as soon as the leaves appear. 

Leaf-Rust {Puccinia Pruni-spinosoe, Pers.). — Small, round, 



68 horticulturist's rule-book. 

powdery spots of yellowish brown on the under surface of 
the leaves, and reddish spots on the upper surface directly 
above them. 

Remedies. — Spray trees early in the season with Bordeaux 
mixture, ammoniacal carbonate of copper, eau celeste (2), 
or other fungicides. 

Plum-Knot or Plum- Wart (Plowrightia ISphceria'] morbosat 
Sacc). — A black and irregular swelling, from one to five 
or six inches long, appearing on the small limbs of plum 
and cherry. The point of attack is generally in the crotch 
of young shoots or at the junction of the annual growths. 
Peculiar to America. A very serious disease. 

Remedies. — Burn all affected parts in the fall. If the 
knot is found upon a large limb or trunk, cut it out and 
wash the wound with sulphate of copper. Wash the parts 
as soon as the swelling begins to appear, with linseed oil, 
turpentine, or kerosene, using the two latter with cau- 
tion. A paint of red oxide of iron in linseed oil has been 
recommended. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture in early 
spring and during the summer will prevent attacks. There 
should be laws in every State aimed at the destruction of 
the knot. 

Plum-Pockets or Bladders {Exoascus Pruni, Puckl.). — 
Causes the fruit to become inflated and hollow. These 
" bladders " begin to appear soon after the flowers fall, and 
continue to grow for several months, when they fall. They 
are at first globular, but finally become oblong, often reach- 
ing two inches in length. Similar fungi attack the fruit of 
the Chickasaw and American plums, and various species of 
plum and cherry. 

Remedies. — Destroy the "bladders " before they mature, 
together with small portions of the wood on which they are 
borne. Spray before buds expand with strong sulphate of 
copper or iron, and follow with copper fungicides. 

Powdery Mildew. — See under Apple. 

Rot or Blight, — See under Peach. 
Poplar. Leaf-Rust {Melampsorapopulina,Ij^y'). — An orange 



PLANT-DISEASES. 69 

rust attacking, during summer, the leaves of various species 
of poplar, including the cottonwood, balm of Gilead, etc. 

Bemedies. — Rake and burn the leaves. Spray with 
copper compounds. 
Potato. Early Blight. (Probably caused by Macrosporium 
Solani, E. & M.). — A blight of the foliage, appearing 
rather early in the season, generally before August. The 
leaves become yellowish and sickly and are marked with 
small fungous patches. Progresses slowly. Does not 
attack the tubers. Associated with flea-beetle attacks. 

Bemedy. — Bordeaux mixture. 
Potato-Rot or Blight, Late Blight {Phytophthora infes- 
tans, De Bary). — The spores fii'st germinate upon the 
tops or vines, causing the foliage to become marked with 
very large blotches, which generally cover a third or more 
of the leaflet. Progresses rapidly. The disease soon 
spreads to the tubers, causing discolored and diseased 
potatoes. It is a " dry rot." The fungus may remain in 
the tubers during winter. 

Preventives. — Plant on light or loamy, well-drained soil. 
Plant only sound and disinfected tubers. Hill deep. 

Bemedy.'— ^^v^y the tops with Bordeaux mixture, or 
other fungicide, upon the first indication of the blight, and 
make three or more applications at intervals of ten days 
or two weeks. 

The tubers should be stored in a cool and dry place. 
Dusting them in the cellar with dry air-slaked lime is to be 
recommended. Subjecting the tubers to a temperature of 
105° to 110° for a few days will destroy the fungus and will 
not injure the tubers for planting. 

There is another kind of potato blight and rot widely 
distributed over the countpy, and probably due to a germ 
or bacterium. The leaves curl, the plant droops and finally 
dies, and the tubers contract a putrid rot. Very serious. 
No remedy is known. Practise rotation. 
Scab (Oospora scabies, Thax.). — Well-known scabby and 
pitted roughness of potato tubers. The same fungus is 



70 horticulturist's rule-book. 

supposed to attack beets. Lime or ashes added to soil in 
which scabby potatoes have been grown, increases the dis- 
ease, probably by modifying the acidity of the soil. 

Preventives. — Do not plant upon land which has grown 
scabby potatoes. Plant clean seed. Cook scabby potatoes 
or beets before feeding them to stock to prevent dissemina- 
tion of the fungus in the manure. Dig suspected tubers as 
soon as they are ripe, to check the deepening of the scabs. 
If scabby seed is planted, soak it in corrosive sublimate 
(1| hours in 2 ounces sublimate to 16 gallons water), or 
Bordeaux mixture. Corrosive sublimate is probably the 
better remedy. Spraying the open furrows, before covering 
the tubers, is also useful. 

Pumpkin. Powdery Mildew. — See under Muskmelon. 

Quince. Black-Rot (Sphceropsis Malorinn, Peck). — A 
trouble which usually appears at the blossom end of young 
quinces, causing the fruit to perish with a black, dry rot. 
Also attacks the apple and pear. 

Remedy. — Spray with Bordeaux mixture. 
Blight. — See under Pear. 

Leaf-Blight and Fruit-Spot (Entomosporium maculatum, 
L6v.). — Leaves become spotted and then turn yellow and 
fall. The fruits also become spotted with sunken brownish 
or black scab-like patches. This disease often causes con- 
siderable damage. It is the same as the leaf-blight of the 
pear, which see. 
Rust. — See under Apple. 

Raspberry. Cane-Rust or Anthracnose (Glceosporium neca- 
tor, E. & E.). — The spots or patches of fungus appear 
on both the canes and leaves. The disease attacks the 
base of the canes first and spreads upwards. It makes 
sunken patches on the oanes and causes the fruit to 
dry up. 

Preventives. — Give plants an abundance of light and 
air by broad planting and high training. In pruning out 
the young shoots, select those which are the most diseased 
and burn them. Frequent rotation — not fruiting the plan- 



PLANT-DISEASES. * 71 

tation after the disease appears — is a most satisfactory 
procedure. 

Bemedies. — Spray before the buds swell with sulphate 
of iron, and follow later with Bordeaux mixture or ammo- 
niacal carbonate of copper. Spraying has never been very 
successful with this disease, but frequent applications ought 
to keep the fungus off. Burn all canes that are past re- 
covery. _ . 
Red or Orange-Rdst (Cceoma luminatum, Link). — Attacks 
the under surface of the leaves of black and sometimes red 
raspberries, and of blackberries, in patches of whitish yel- 
low, but the fungus finally covers the whole under surface 
with an orange-red coating. One form of the fungus is a 
leaf -rust generally known as Puccinia Peckiana. 

Preventives. — Plant such varieties as are least susceptible 
to attack. Among blackberries, Kittatinny is particularly 
susceptible. Rotation. 

Remedy. — Burn the plants, roots and branch, as soon 
as the disease appears. 
Rose. Leaf-Blight or Black-Spot {Actinonema Posce, Fries). 
— Attacks the full-grown leaves, first appearing as small 
black spots, but later covering nearly or quite the whole 
surface with blotches. The spots have frayed edges. Com- 
mon in outdoor and house culture. 

Remedies. — In the house, fumes of sulphur or copper 
sprays. Outdoors, burn the affected leaves and spray with 
Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal carbonate of copper. 
Spray before the leaves unfold. 
Leaf-Spot {Cercospora roscecola, Pass.). — Black or reddish 
black spots on the leaves, shading into red at the definite 
edges. Later the centre of the spot becomes light brown 
or gray. Attacks plants growing outdoors. 

Remedies. — Burn diseased parts. Spray with copper 

fungicides. 

Mildew (Sphcerotheca pannosa, L6v.). — Whitish mildew 

attacking roses. It is brought on, according to Maynard, 

by exposure to drafts of extremely cold air when the 



72 horticulturist's rule-book. 



plants are growing rapidly, by high temperature running 
the same day and night, by watering just before night, by 
too little water, by extreme dryness, by poor drainage', by 
deficiency in plant-food. 
Remedies. — Fumes of sulphur. Copper fungicides. 

Rust (^Phragmidium mucronatum, Winter). — Appears in 
small and scattered bright yellow spots or pustules on the 
leaves, which at length become distorted, and upon the 
young growth. 

Remedy. — Spray with Bordeaux mixture or other fungi- 
cides. 
Spinage. — Several fungi attack the spinage, of which the fol- 
lowing are the worst : 

Anthracnose {Colletotrichum Spinacece, Ell. & Hals.). — 
Producing brown and gray blotches upon the leaves ; 

Leaf-Blight (Phyllosticta Chenopodii, Sacc). — Forming 
many minute pimples on the leaf, usually upon its under 
surface ; 

Mildew (Peronospora effiisa, 'Ra.henh.). — Producing violet- 
gray patches upon the under side of the leaves and yellow 
spots above ; 

White Smut (Entyloma Ellisii, Hals. ). — Covering the whole 
leaf with a white coat. 

Remedies. — No definite remedies are yet known for these 
diseases. Spraying with copper fungicides will undoubtedly 
check them, but this procedure is generally impracticable 
upon spinage. Burning all affected plants, and rotation, 
are to be advis"ed. 
Squash. Powdery Mildew, — See under Muskmelon. 
Strav^berry. Leaf-Blight, Rust or Sun-Burn (Sphcerella 
Fragarice, Sacc, including Ramularia). — Small purple or 
red spots appearing on the leaves. They eventually become 
larger and browner, making the leaf appear blotched. Most 
serious after the fruit is picked, lessening the crop of the 
following year. 

Remedies. — Spray with Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal 
carbonate of copper at intervals of two weeks, beginning as 



PLANT-DISEASES. 73 

soon as the fruit is picked. Destroy all affected leaves. 
The leaves are easily destroyed without injury to the plants 
by quickly burning off a thin layer of straw which is spread 
over the patch after the fruit is off. Where the disease is 
feared, the best treatment, in general, is to fruit the planta- 
tion but once. 
Mildew (Sphcerotheca Castagnei^ L6v.). — A whitish cobweb- 
like mildew spreading over the fruit and leaves and causing 
the latter to curl as if wilted. 

Remedies. — If the disease is discovered early enough, 
some liquid fungicide, as ammoniacal carbonate of copper or 
Bordeaux mixture, should be employed. Sulphur scattered 
upon the foliage and upon the soil about the plants is said 
to check the disease. 
Sweet-Potato. Black-Rot (Ceratocystis Jimbriata^ Ell. & 
Hals.). — A dry-rot of the tuber, and a black rust upon 
the stems. Upon the tuber it appears in large scab-like 
patches, and is usually evident at digging time. It may 
appear upon the young plants in the hotbed and persist 
upon them throughout the season. 

Remedies. — Rotation of crops. Spray the young plants, 
if attack is feared, with copper fungicides. 
Dry-Rot (Phoma Batatce, Ell. & Hals.). — The upper end of 
the tuber becomes dry and wrinkled and bears a multitude 
of pimples, and its flesh becomes dry and powdery. 

Preventive. — Destroy all affected tubers. 
Leaf-Blight (Phyllosticta bataticola, E. & M.). — Produces 
white, dead patches upon the leaves. 

Remedy. — Spray with some of the copper fungicides. 
Scurf (Monilochcetes infuscans, Ell. & Hals.). — The whole 
surface of the potato becomes scurfy, and it causes the 
tuber to shrink. 

Preventive. — Use only healthy potatoes for seed. 
SoFT-RoT {Rhizopus nigricans, Ehr.). — The tubers rot with 
a soft and putrid decay. It is most destructive after the 
potatoes are stored. 

Preventives. — Store in a well-ventilated, artificially 



74 horticulturist's rule-book. 

■warmed room, at a temperature of about 70°. Store only 
sound and perfect tubers, and remove at once any which 
are attacked. 
Soil-Rot (Acrocystis Batatas, Ell. & Hals.). — The tubers are 
attacked when young, and the diseased portion ceases to 
grow, causing the potato to become constricted or variously 
contorted. 

Preventive. — Rotation. It is probable that the sweet- 
potato cannot be grown again safely on infested soil for a 
number of years, without treatment. 

Eemedy. — When the furrows are open and ready for 
planting, before the manure is added, spray the soil with 
Bordeaux mixture. 
Stem-Rot, Black-Shank. — An obscure disease attacking the 
young shoots near the ground and the tops of the young 
tubers, causing the tubers to rot away above, and to send 
up sprouts below the injured portion. 

Preventives. — Rotation. Heat the soil used for seed-bed. 
White-Mold or Leaf-Mold (Cystopus Ipomcem-pandu- 
rance, Farl.). — The leaves become pale and brown patches 
appear, and small whitish patches occur on the under sur- 
face. It thrives upon the wild potato- vine or man-of-the- 
earth {Ipomoea pandurata). 

Preventive. — Destroy the wild potato-vine upon which 
the fungus grows. 

Bemedy. — Some copper fungicide applied in a spray. 
White-Rot. — This disease causes portions of the tuber to 
become white and chalk-like, and sometimes the whole 
tuber assumes a chalk-like consistency. 

Preventives. — Use only healthy stock, and probably a rota- 
tion of crops will be useful. 
Tomato. Blight {Cladosporiumfulvum, Cooke). — Soft brown 
irregular spots appear on the under surface of the leaves, 
and the upper surface becomes spotted with yellow. The 
leaves finally shrivel. Most serious in greenhouses. 

Preventive. — In houses, keep the temperature as even as 
possible. In particular, avoid sudden changes. In mild 



PLANT-DISEASES. 75 

attacks the disease can be kept in check by picking off and 
burning the injured leaves. 

Bemedies. — Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal carbonate 
of copper sprayed on the plants every week or ten days. 

Field-Blight or Southern Blight. — Attacks plants in the 
field, causing the leaves to become dull or slightly yellowish 
and curled, as if suffering from drought. The ends of the 
leaves, or the individual leaflets, often die and droop. 
Apparently common North and South. Probably bacterial. 
It is thought, to attack the potato also ; if it does, potatoes 
and tomatoes should not follow each other upon the same 
land. No remedy is known. 

Root-Knot. — A nematode disease in forcing-houses (see 
under E, Chap. II.), causing the plants to curl their leaves 
and become weak. Remove the crop and freeze the soil. 

Rot (Macros]) or mm Tomato, Cooke). — The rotting of the 
nearly grown or ripe fruit. 

Preventives. — The small cherry and plum tomatoes are 
not attacked, and the old-fashioned angular sorts are com- 
paratively free. Training the vines so as to give the fruit 
plenty of light and air is useful. Heavy applications of 
fresh stable manure appear to augment the injury. Burn 
all infested vines and fruits in the autumn. The trouble 
is usually worst rather early in the picking season during 
hot and moist weather. In the cooler weather of fall it 
is rarely serious. Therefore, aim to prolong the bearing 
season by early planting and good tillage. 

liemedy. — Spraying with Bordeaux mixture seems to be 
useful. 

The bacterial potato-blight or rot also attacks tomatoes. 
See under Potato. 

Winter-Blight. — Probably a bacterial disease. Attacks 
tomato plants grown under glass, causing the leaves to 
curl and to become marked with translucent dots or spots. 
No remedy is known. Destroy diseased plants, and do not 
use the same soil again. 
Verbena. Rust {Erysiphe Cichoracearum, DC). — A whitish 



76 horticulturist's rule-book. 

rust, or mildew, which appears on the leaves, eventually 
destroying the plants. 

Preventives. — Start with perfectly healthy and vigorous 
stock, and give good culture. In the house, endeavor to 
avoid drafts, but give plenty of air on bright days. 

Bemedies. — Sulphide of potassium sprayed upon the- 
plants every few days. Bordeaux mixture. 
Violet. Violet Disease or Rust (Cercospora Violce, Sacc, 
and perhaps also Peronospora Violoe., DeBary). — Appears 
on the leaves as small rounded light or brown spots, caus- 
ing the leaf finally to wither and die. 

Preventives. — It is supposed that any neglect or im- 
proper handling renders the plants more liable to the 
disease. Burn all infested plants, and do not use the same 
soil again for violets. Sprays of copper compounds applied 
during summer and fall. 
Watermelon. Anthracnose or Pod-Rust. — See under Bean. 
Blight, Wilt, or Watermelon Disease (Fusarium niveum, 
Smith). — Vines wilt suddenly and soon die, without 
apparent cause. The fungus occurs in the vessels of the 
stem. Serious in the South. 

Preventives. — Rotation. Burn all diseased vines. Do 
not throw the old vines on compost piles, for a common 
source of infection is the manure spread upon the land. 
Powdery Mildew. — See under Muskmelon. 



CHAPTER V. 

INJURIES FROM MICE, RABBITS, SQUIRRELS, 
AND BIRDS, WITH PREVENTIVES AND 
REMEDIES. 

If the plantation is free of litter, and the adjacent 
fields contain no harbors of brush, mice and rabbits 
are rarely annoying to orchards. In hard winters, 
with deep snow, these animals are more destructive 
than in open winters. Babbits often browse off the 
young growth of nursery stock and small trees. Sheep 
and hogs rarely girdle trees if they are given sufficient 
food and water, the latter being especially important. 

To prevent mice from girdling trees in winter. — In 

heeling-in young trees in the fall, do not use straw or 
litter, in which mice can make their nests. In orchards, 
see that tall grass, corn-husks, or other dry material does 
not gather about the trees in fall. If danger from mice is 
apprehended, tramp the first snow firmly about the trees, 
in order to compact the grass and litter so that mice cannot 
find shelter. 

Where the paper-birch grows, it will be found a good 
plan to place sections of birch-bark from limbs or small 
trunks about the base of the tree. These sections roll up 
tightly about the tree, and yet expand so readily with the 
growth of the tree that they may be allowed to remain, 
although it is advisable to remove them each spring, so 
that they will not become a harboring-place for insects. 
Tie thin strips of wood, as laths or shingles, about the 

7. 



78 horticulturist's rule-book. 

tree. Common window-screen placed about the tree is 
effective and safe. Tarred paper is sometimes advised to 
keep away mice and borers, but it is very apt to kill the 
bark, especially on young trees, if tied on, or if left on in 
warm weather. 

Washes to protect trees from mice. — Wash the trees with 
some persistent substance in which is placed Paris green. 
Maynard finds the following substances useful for holding 
the poison : Portland cement of the consistency of common 
paint ; Portland cement 10 parts and gas-tar 1 part ; Port- 
land cement 10 parts and asphaltum l-^part ; Portland 
cement 10 parts and Morrill's tree-ink 1 part. 

Lime-wash, to which is added a little sulphur, tobacco- 
decoction, and soapsuds. 

Carbonate of baryta for rats and mice. — Sugar and oat- 
meal or wheat flour, of each 6 ounces ; carbonate of baryta, 
I pound ; oil of anise-seed, enough to give the mixture a 
pretty strong odor. 

Tartar emetic for rats and mice. — Tartar emetic, 1 part ; 
oatmeal or flour, 4 parts ; beef or mutton suet enough to 
make all into a paste. 

Camphor for rats and mice. — Mix a few pieces of camphor 
with vegetable seeds, to repel vermin. 

French paste for rats and mice. — Oatmeal or wheat flour, 3 
pounds ; powdered indigo, | ounce ; finely powdered white 
arsenic, 4 ounces; oil of anise-seed, i^ drachm. Mix, and 
add of melted beef suet or mutton tallow 2\ pounds, and 
work the whole up into a paste. 

Commercial forms of phosphorus are popular as extermi- 
nators of vermin. 

"Wash for keeping rabbits, sheep, and mice away from 
trees. — Some writers recommend fresh lime, slaked with 
soft water (old soapsuds are best) ; make the wash the 
thickness of fence or house wash. When 1 peck of lime is 
used, add, when hot, ^ gallon crude carbolic acid, i gallon 
gas-tar, and 4 pounds of sulphur. Stir well. For summer 
wash leave gas-tar out and add in place of it 1 gallon 



INJURIES FROM MICE, ETC. 79 

of soft soap. To keep rabbits and sheep from girdling, 
wash late in fall, or about the time of frost, as high as one 
can reach. 

Blood for rabbits. — Blood smeared upon trees, as high up as 
rabbits can reach, will generally keep them away. 

To drive rabbits from orchards. — Dip rags in melted sul- 
phur and then secure them to sticks which are stuck pro- 
miscuously through the orchard. 

It should be an imperative rule with all orchardists not to 
allow brush heaps or piles of poles and rails to remain upon 
their premises if rabbits are troublesome in the neighbor- 
hood, for it is in such places that the animals live. 

Wash to protect trees from rabbits. — Fresh cow-dung, 1 
peck ; quicklime, | peck ; flowers of sulphur, ^ pound ; 
lampblack, ^ pound. Mix the whole into a thick paint 
with urine and soapsuds. 

California rabbit-wash. — Commercial aloes, 1 pound to 4 
gallons of water, both sprinkled on leaves and painted on 
the bark gives a bitter taste, which repels rabbits. 

California rabbit-poisons. — 

1. Pieces of watermelon, canteloupe, or other vegeta- 
bles of which they are fond, may be poisoned with strych- 
nine and then scattered around the orchard. 

2. To 100 pounds of wheat take 9 gallons of water and 
1 pound of phosphorus, 1 pound of sugar, and 1 ounce oil 
of rhodium. Heat the water to boiling-point and let it 
stand all night. Next morning stir in flour sufficient to 
make a sort of paste. Scatter it about the place. 

3. Another preparation is ^ teaspoonful of powdered 
strychnine, 2 teaspoonfuls of fine salt, and 4 of granulated 
sugar. Put all in a tin box and shake well. Pour in small 
heaps on a board. It hardens into a solid mass. Rabbits 
lick it for the salt, and the sugar disguises the poison. 

Sulphur for rabbits. — Equal proportions of sulphur, soot, 
and lime, made into a thick paint with cow-manure. 
Smear upon the trees. 

Cow^-manure for rabbits. — A mixture of lime, water, and 



80 horticulturist's rule-book. 

cow-manure, made strong, forms an excellent anti-rabbit 
composition. 

Asafoetida for rabbits. — A teaspoonful of tincture of asa- 
fcBtida in i pailful of liquid clay, mud, or muck of any 
kind. Apply with a brush to the stem and branches of 
young trees. Two or three applications during winter. 

California ground-squirrel remedies. — Take 5 quarts of 
clean wheat ; scald with water ; drain. Take | cup of 
white sugar, dissolve with sufficient water to make a syrup ; 
add 1 ounce powdered strychnine, stir thoroughly until a 
thin paste is formed. Pour this on the damp wheat. Stir 
thoroughly for at least 15 minutes. Add 1 pint powdered 
sugar, stir ; add 5 to 10 drops of rhodium and 5 to 10 drops 
of oil of anise-seed. Place a few grains in each squirrel- 
hole, putting it as far in as possible. 

Bisulphide of carbon is also largely used. A small quan- 
tity is poured into the burrow, and the hole is immediately 
closed securely with dirt. 

Tying newspapers about trees in such manner as to allow 
the upper part of the paper to project loosely a few inches, 
frightens the squirrels away. 

To remedy the injury done by mice, rabbits, and 
squirrels. — 

1. Pare and clean the wound, and cover it thickly with 
fresh cow-dung, or soft clay, and bind it up thoroughly 
with a cloth. Grafting-wax bound on is also good. Com- 
plete girdling, when done late in spring — when settled 
weather is approaching — can be remedied in this manner. 

2. Insert long scions over the wound, by paring them 
thin on both ends and placing one end under the bark on 
the upper edge of the wound and the other under the bark 
on the lower edge. Wax thoroughly the points of union, 
and tie a cloth band tightly about the trees over both 
extremities of the scions. 

Bird-poisons. — 

1. Place a shallow box on the end of a pole and put it 4 
or 5 feet from the ground to keep the poison out of the way 



INJURIES FROM MICE, ETC. 81 

of domestic fowls. In the box sprinkle corn-meal and a 
very little strychnine, which mixture the birds eat. It will 
not hurt dogs or cats to eat the dead bird, for the reason that 
there is not enough poison absorbed by the bird. (Cali- 
fornian.) 

2. Put the strychnine in pieces of apples and stick them 
on the ends of limbs of the trees. ( Calif ornian.) 

Poison for English sparro-wrs. — Dissolve arsenate of soda in . 
warm water at the rate of 1 ounce to 1 pint ; pour this upon 
as much wheat as it will cover (in a vessel which can be 
closed so as to prevent evaporation) , and allow it to soak 
for at least 24 hours. Dry the wheat so prepared, and it is 
ready for use. It should be distributed in winter in places 
where the sparrows congregate. 

To protect fruits from birds. — One of the best devices is 
mosquito-bar spread over the bushes or trees. For bush- 
fruits and small trees the expense is not great. There is a 
commercial netting made for the purpose. 

Have a taxidermist mount several hawks and place them 
in natural positions in the trees or vines. 

In large plantations of cherries or other fruits subject to 
the depredations of birds, the injary is generally propor- 
tionately less than in small areas. Some cherry-growers 
plant early sweet varieties to feed the birds, which, getting 
their fill, give less attention to the main crop. 

To protect new^ly planted seeds. — Coat the seeds with red 
lead by moistening the seeds slightly and stirring in red 
lead until all the seeds are thoroughly coated. Let the 
seeds dry for two or three hours before sowing. 

To protect planted corn from cro-ws. — Dip the kernels in 
coal-tar and then dust them with plaster. 



CHAPTER VI. 

LA'WNS. — ^ATEEDS AND MOSS. 

1. How to make lawns. — A lawn which is to be perma- 
nent should be thoroughly and carefully made. See that 
the land is well drained. Plow it or trench it deeply. 
Rake the surface fine and smooth, removing lumps and 
stones. Use freely of chemical fertilizer — rich in nitrogen 
— or clean stable manure. Sow the seed very early in 
the spring, so that the grass becomes established before 
dry weather ; or else sow just before the fall rains are 
expected. If the land is in readiness, the seed may be 
sown on a late spring snow. The best lawn grass is June 
grass (known also as Kentucky blue grass) . Sow 3 or 4 
bushels to the acre in order to secure a close, soft turf. 
Two or three quarts of timothy seed may be used when 
seeding, as this grass makes a better cover the first year, 
and it is gradually crowded out by the June grass. If one 
likes white clover in a lawn, it may be added at the rate 
of a couple quarts to the acre. Weeds will come up the 
first year; keep them closely mown, and the June grass 
will crowd them out in a year or two. Reseed and repair 
all poor spots in the lawn from year to year, as recom- 
mended in Section 3. Give a top dressing every spring. 
Well-made lawns, which are well cared for, rarely need 
watering. 

2. "Weeds in general. — Weeds rarely trouble the good culti- 
vator, particularly in vegetable gardening. Intensive meth- 
ods of cultivation allow no weeds to appear. It is economy, 
both in labor and returns from the crop, to prevent weeds 
from appearing, rather than to hoe or pull them out after 

82 



WEEDS AND MOSS. 83 

they are partly grown and have done some damage. Fre- 
quent light stirrings of the soil with cultivator, harrow, or 
rake are the cheapest mode of weed destruction. Rotation 
of crops and continuous cropping of the land are amongst 
the best preventives and exterminators of weeds. The 
better the system of husbandry the fewer the weeds. 

In the struggle with weeds it is well to consider the 
longevity of the various species. Annual weeds, those 
which naturally die after the season's growth, require no 
special treatment. Biennial species, those which die at the 
end of the second year, may be held in check by preventing 
them from seeding, as by mowing them when coming into 
flower. Examples of this class are the mullein, wild carrot, 
and field or bull thistle. Perennial species, those which 
live indefinitely, often require particular treatment. Some 
of the worst perennial species are Canada thistle, white or 
ox-eye daisy, toad-flax, live-forever, docks, and various 
grasses. Very frequent, persistent, and thorough cultiva- 
tion will destroy any of these. Cultivation should be 
repeated even before the weeds recover sufiiciently to take 
root again. Seeding down and mowing the weeds with the 
hay will destroy most weeds. In dry and sandy soils three 
or four thorough plowings during the season will destroy 
Canada thistles and other pests, particularly in dry years, 
but on richer and retentive soils greater thoroughness must 
be practised. 

"Weeds in lawns. — Weeds usually come up thickly in 
newly sown lawns. They are to be prevented by the use of 
commercial fertilizers or very clean manure and clean grass- 
seed. Clean June-grass, or blue-grass, seed is usually best. 
Grass-seed should be sown very thickly — 3 to 4 bushels 
to the acre — and annual weeds cannot persist long. Fre- 
quent mowings during summer will keep these weeds down, 
and most species will not survive the winter. In old lawns 
most perennial weedg can be kept down by frequent mow- 
ings, with a good lawn-mower. Grass can stand more 
cutting than weeds. If mowing cannot be practised often 



84 horticulturist's rule-book. 

enough for this purpose, the weeds may be cut off below 
the surface with a long knife or spud, and the crowns are 
then readily pulled out. Or a little sulphuric acid — oiL of 
vitriol — may be poured upon the crown of each plant. 

It will usually be found that weedy lawns are those in 
which the sod is poor and thin. The fundamental remedy, 
therefore, is to secure a strong sod. This is done by rak- 
ing or harrowing over the lawn in late spring when it is 
• somewhat soft, and sowing a liberal dressing of chemical 
fertilizer and grass-seed. Roll the land down level. All 
poor spots in lawns should be repaired in this manner 
every year. The use of stable manure on lawns should be 
discouraged, both because it is offensive and it generally 
abounds in weed seeds. 

Veeds on -walks. — Walks should be so made that weeds 
cannot grow in them. This can be done by making a deep 
stone foundation and filling between the stones with cinders, 
coal ashes, or other similar material. But when weeds 
become established they can be destroyed by the following 
methods : 

Salt. — Hot brine (1 pound of salt to 1 gallon of water), 
boiled in a kettle on wheels and dipped out into watering- 
pots. Brine is better than dry salt, because it leaves very 
little color upon the walk. 

Lime and Sulphur. — 10 gallons of water, 20 pounds of 
quicklime, and 2 pounds of sulphur are boiled in an iron ves- 
sel. After settling, the clear part is dipped off and used when 
needed. Care must be taken, as it will destroy edgings. 

Oil of Vitriol. — 1 part oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid) 
to 30 parts of water. Apply with a watering-pot. Choose 
a clear evening after a hot day. Keep clear of the edgings. 
The pot should be well painted, or a wooden pail should be 
used. 

Arsenite of Soda. — Place 1 pound of powdered arsenic 
in 3 gallons of cold water, boil and keep stirring ; then add 
7 gallons of cold water and 2 pounds of crushed soda ; stir 
well while boiling. Apply in dry weather. 



WEEDS AND MOSS. 86 

Carbolic Acid. — 1 ounce of carbolic acid to 1 gallon of 
water, sprinkled from a watering-pot. Also destroys ants. 

Coal-Tar Coating. — Mix coal-tar with gravel to the 
consistency of mortar ; spread over the path 1 to 2 inches 
thick ; cover this with gravel, then roll and add another 
thin coating of gravel to finish. 
§. Moss on -walks and lawns. — In damp and shady places, 
and also in sterile places, moss may appear on walks and 
lawns. If the conditions cannot be improved, the following 
treatments may be tried : 

1 pound oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid) to 10 quarts of 
water. Wet the surface thoroughly, being careful not to 
sprinkle edgings or good sod. 

In early spring, while the ground is soft, work it back- 
wards and forwards, with a long-toothed rake, in order to 
bring the moss to the surface. Clear away the moss and 
leave the ground untouched for a fortnight. Early in 
March repeat the operation, and about the middle of that 
month apply a dressing of rich compost, which may consist 
of any old rubbish well decomposed, adding ^ of fresh 
lime. Mix with compost a few days before using. Cover 
the ground with the compost at the rate of 200 barrow-loads 
per acre, passing it through a |-inch sieve, to save the 
trouble of rolling. Rake it evenly over the surface, and 
when dry seed down. An English method. 

Endeavor to improve the sod, as recommended in* Section 
3, and thereby drive out the moss. In shady places, where 
grass will not grow, plant some shade-loving plant, as 
periwinkle (Vi7ica minor), lily-of-the-valley, or moneywort 
(Lysimachia nummular id), or species of carex. 
6. Moss or lichen on trees. — Moss on fruit-trees is usuaLy 
an indication of lack of vigor. Cultivate and prune. Wash 
the trees with soap or lye washes. Scrape off the bark, ex- 
ercising care not to expose the " quick," or the tender inner 
bark. A good scraper is made of a small and much-worn 
hoe with the handle cut to about two feet long. 

The moss is readily destroyed by Bordeaux mixture. 



CHAPTER VII. 

WAXES FOR GRAFTING AND. FOR WOUNDS. 

1. Common resin and beeswax -waxes: 

1. Reliable Wax. — Resin, 4 parts by weight; bees- 
wax, 2 parts ; tallow, 1 part. Melt together and pour into 
a pail of cold water. Then grease the hands and pull the 
wax until it is nearly white. One of the best waxes, either 
for indoor or outdoor use. 

2. Resin, 4 pounds ; beeswax, 1 pound ; tallow, 1 pound. 

3. Resin, 6 pounds; beeswax, 2 pounds; linseed oil, 1 
pint. 

4. 6 pounds resin, 1 pound beeswax, and 1 pint linseed 
oil ; apply hot with a brush, one-eighth of an inch thick 
over all the joints. 

5. For Warm Weather. — 4 pounds of resin, 1 pound 
of beeswax, and from half to a pint of raw linseed oil ; 
melt all together gradually, and turn into water and pull. 
The linseed oil should be entirely free from cotton-seed oil. 

6. Resin, 6 parts ; beeswax, 1 part ; tallow, 1 part. To 
be used warm, in the house. 

7. Resin, 4 or 5 parts ; beeswax, 1^ to 2 parts j Imseed 
oil, 1 to 1^ parts. For outdoor work. 

2. Alcoholic waxes. 

8. Lefort's Liquid Grafting-Wax, or Alcoholic 
Plastic. — Best white resin, 1 pound; beef tallow, 1 ounce; 
remove from the fire and add 8 ounces of alcohol. Keep 
in closed bottles or cans. 

9. Alcoholic Plastic with Beeswax. — Melt 6 parts 
white resin with 1 part beeswax; remove from stove and 
partially cool by stirring, then add gradually — with con- 

86 



WAXES FOR GRAFTING AND FOR WOUNDS. 87 

tinued stirring — enough alcohol to make the mixture, when 
cool, of the consistency of porridge. In the temperature of 
the grafting-room it will remain suflBciently plastic to per- 
mit applying to the cut surfaces with the finger. 

10. Alcoholic Plastic with Turpentine. — Best white 
resin, 1 pound ; beef tallow, 1 ounce ; turpentine, 1 tea- 
spoonful ; add enough alcohol (13 to 15 fluid ounces of 95 
per cent alcohol) to make the wax of the consistency of 
honey. Or, Icl 3 alcohol may be added if the wax is to be 
used with tbo fingers. 

French and pitch waxes. 

11. Common French. — Pitch, | pound ; beeswax, i 
pound ; cow-dung, 1 pound. Boil together, melt, and apply 
with a brush. 

12. Common French Bandage Wax. — Equal parts of 
beeswax, turpentine, and resin. While warm spread on 
strips of coarse cotton or strong paper. 

13. Grafting Clay. — ^ cow-dung, free from straw, 
and I clay, or clayey loam, with a little hair, like that used 
in plaster, to prevent its cracking. Beat and temper it for 
two or three days until it is thoroughly incorporated. 
When used it should be of such a consistency as to be 
easily put on and shaped with the hands. 

14. 2 pounds 12 ounces of resin and 1 pound 11 ounces 
of Burgundy pitch. At the same time, melt 9 ounces of 
tallow ; pour the latter into the former, while both are hot, 
and stir the mixture thoroughly. Then add 18 ounces of 
red ochre, dropping it in gradually and stirring the mixture 
at the same time. 

15. Black pitch, 28 parts ; Burgundy pitch, 28 parts ; 
beeswax, 16 parts ; grease, 14 parts ; yellow ochre, 14 parts. 

16. Black pitch, 28 pounds ; Burgundy pitch, 28 pounds ; 
yellow wax, 16 pounds ; suet or tallow, 14 pounds ; sifted 
ashes, 14 pounds. When used, warm sufficiently to make 
it liquid. 

17. Melt together 1^ pounds of clear resin and f 
pound of white pitch. At the same time melt ^ pound of 



88 horticulturist's rule-book. 

tallow. Pour the melted tallow into the first mixture, and 
stir vigorously. Then, before the stuff cools, add, slowly 
stirring meantime, ^ pound of Venetian red. This may be 
used warm or cold. 

4. Waxed string and bandage. 

18. Waxed String for Root-Grafting. — Into a 
kettle of melted wax place balls of No. 18 knitting-cotton. 
Turn the balls frequently, and in five minutes they will be 
thoroughly saturated, when they are dried and put away 
for future use. 

This material is strong enough, and at the same time 
breaks so easily as not to injure the hands. Any of the 
resin and beeswax waxes may be used. When the string is 
used it should be warm enough to stick without tying. 

19. Waxed Cloth. — Old calico or thin muslin is rolled 
on a stick and placed in melted wax. When saturated it is 
allowed to cool by being unrolled on a bench. It is then 
cut in strips to suit. 

5. Waxes for wounds. 

20. Any of the more adhesive grafting-waxes are excel- 
lent for dressing wounds, although most of them cleave 
off after the first year. Stiff and ochreous paints are also 
good. Tar is useful. 

21. Coal-Tar. — Apply a coating of coal-tar to the 
wound, which has first been pared and smoothed. If the 
wound contains a hole, plug it with seasoned wood. 

22. HosKiNs' Wax. — Boil pine-tar slowly for three or 
four hours ; add ^ pound of beeswax to a quart of the 
tar. Have ready some dry and finely sifted clay, and when 
the mixture of tar ml wax is partly cold, stir into the 
above-named quantity about 12 ounces of tlie clay ; continue 
the stirring until the mixture is so stiff and so nearly cool 
that the clay will not settle. This is soft enough in mild 
weather to be easily applied with a knife or spatula. 

23. Sch.efell's Healing-Paint. — Boil linseed oil (free 
from cotton-seed oil) one hour, with an ounce of litharge 
to each pint of oil ; then stir in sifted wood ashes until the 



WAXES FOR GRAFTING AND FOR WOUNDS. 89 

paint is of the proper consistency. Pare the bark until 
smooth, as the fuzzy edge left by the saw will cause it to 
die back. Paint the wound over in dry weather, and if the 
wound is very large cover with a gunny-sack. 

24. Tar for Bleeding in Vines. — Add to tar about 
3 or 4 times its weight of powdered slate or some similar 
substance. 

25. Hot Iron for Bleeding in Vines. — Apply a hot 
iron to the bare surface until it is charred, and then rub 
into the charred surface a paste made of newly burnt lime 
and grease. 

26. Collodion for Bleeding in Vines. — In some 
extreme cases 2 or 3 coats will be needed, in which case 
allow the collodion to form a film before applying another 
coat. Pharmaceutical collodion is better than photographic. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

CEMENTS, MORTARS, PAINTS, AND GLUES. 

1. Cement and mortar. 

Cements for Iron. — 

1. Sal ammoniac, 2 ounces ; sulphur, 1 ounce ; clean iron- 
borings or filings reduced to powder, 12 pounds; water 
enough to form a thin paste. 

2. Sal ammoniac, 2 ounces ; iron-filings, 8 pounds ; suf- 
ficient water. 

3. 1 or 2 parts of sal ammoniac to *100 of iron-filings. 
When the work is required to set quickly, increase the sal 
ammoniac slightly and add a small amount of sulphur. 

4. Iron-filings, 4 pounds ; pipe-clay, 2 pounds ; powdered 
potsherds, 11 pounds; make into a paste with moderately 
strong brine. 

5. Equal parts of red and white lead, mixed into a paste 
with boiled linseed oil. Used for making metallic joints of 
all kinds. 

6. To 4 or 5 parts of clay, thoroughly dried and pulver- 
ized, add 2 parts of iron-filings, free from oxide, 1 part of 
peroxide of manganese, ^ of sea salt, and ^ of borax ; mix 
well, and reduce to a thick paste with water. Use immedi- 
ately. Expose to warmth, gradually increasing almost to 
white heat. 

7. Sifted coal ashes, 2 parts, and common salt, 1 part. 
Add water enough to make a paste and apply at once. 
This is also good for stoves and boilers, as it stands 
heat. 

Boiler Cements. — 

8. Chalk, 60 parts ; lime and salt, of each, 20 parts ; 

90 



CEMENTS, MORTARS, PAINTS, AND GLUES. 91 

sharp sand, 10 parts ; blue or red clay and clean iron-filings, 
of each, 5 parts. Grind together and calcine or heat. 

9. Powdered clay, 6 pounds ; iron-filings, 1 pound. Make 
into a paste with linseed oil. 

10. Powdered litharge, 2 parts; silver sand and slaked 
lime, of each, 1 part ; boiled oil enough to form a paste. 

These cements are used for stopping leaks and cracks in 
boilers, iron pipes, stoves, etc. They should be applied as 
soon as made. 
Tab Cement. — 

11. Coal-tar, 1 part ; powdered slate (slate flour), 3 or 
4 parts ; mix by stirring until thoroughly incorporated. 
Very useful for mending watering-pots, barrels, leaky sash, 
etc. It remains somewhat elastic. It does not adhere to 
greasy surfaces. It will keep for a long time before using. 

Copper Cement. — 

12. Beef blood thickened with sufficient finely powdered 
quicklime to make it into a paste is used to secure the 
edges and rivets of copper boilers, kettles, etc. Use im- 
mediately. 

Fireproof or Stone Cement. — 

13. Fine river sand, 20 parts ; litharge, 2 parts ; quick- 
lime, 1 part ; linseed oil enough to form a thick paste. 
Used for walls and broken stonework. 

Earthenware Cement. — 

14. Grated cheese, 2 parts ; powdered quicklime, 1 part ; 
fresh white of egg enough to form a paste. Use as soon as 
possible. 

For fine earthenware, liquid glue may be used. 
Cement for Glass. — 

15. Methylated spirit (wood alcohol) to render liquid a 
half dozen pieces of gum-mastic the size of a large pea ; in 
another bottle dissolve the same quantity of isinglass, 
which has been soaked in water and allowed to get surface 
dry, in 2 ounces of methylated spirit ; when the first is 
dissolved add 2 pieces of gum-galbanum or gum-ammoniac ; 
apply gentle heat and stir ; add the solution of isinglass, 



92 horticulturist's rule-book. 

heat again and stir. Keep in a tightly stoppered bottle, 
and when used set in boiling water. , 

Sealing Cements. — 

16. Beeswax, 1 pound ; resin, 5 pounds. Stir in sufficient 
red ochre and Brunswick green, or lampblack, to give the 
desired color. 

17. Black pitch, 6 pounds ; ivory-black and whiting, of 
each, 1 pound. Less attractive than the former. 

These are used for sealing up bottles, barrels, etc. 
Mortar for Heavy Rubble-Work or Brickwork. — 

18. 1 part of slaked lime, 2 parts of sand, and i part of 
blacksmith's ashes ; for brickwork, 1 part of lime, 1 of 
sand, and 1 of blacksmith's ashes. 

2. Approximate Estimates of Mason-Work. — 

3 1 barrels of lime are required to cover 100 square yards 
plastering, two coats. 

2 barrels of lime will cover^ 100 square yards plastering, 
one coat. 

1| bushels of hair are needed for 100 square yards plas- 
tering. 

1^ yards good sand are required for 100 square yards 
plastering. 

i barrel of plaster (stucco) will hard-finish 100 square 
yards plastering. 

1 barrel of best lime will lay 1000 bricks. 

2 barrels of lime will lay one cord rubble-stone. 

I barrel of lime will lay 1 perch rubble-stone. (Estimat- 
ing \ cord to perch.) 

To every barrel of lime estimate about | cubic yard of 
good sand for plastering and brickwork. 

3. Concrete, etc., for floors, borders, and walks. 
Grout Floor. — 

1. To secure a good grout or cement floor, make a good 
foundation of small stones or brickbats and cover 3 or 4 
inches thick with a thin mortar, made of 2 parts sharp sand 
and 1 part water-lime. 

2. Fresh powdered lime, 2 parts ; Portland cement, 1 



CEMENTS, MORTARS, PAINTS, AND GLUES. 93 

part; gravel, broken stone, or brick, 6 parts. Mix with 
water to a liquid consistency, and let it be thrown forcibly, 
or dropped into its position. It should be well beaten or 
rammed to render it solid. A " skim " of thin, rich mortar 
may be placed on top as a finish. 

3. Equal parts of gravel, well screened, and clean river 
or pit sand. "With 5 parts of sand and gravel mix 1 part 
of Portland cement. Mix with water and apply 1 inch 
thick. 

For Garden Borders. — 

4. 9 parts gravel and 1 part unslaked lime ; slake the 
lime and cover it with gravel, then add water sufficient to 
make a very thin mortar. Apply 3 inches deep, allow it to 
stiffen a little, then roll. Finish with an inch thick of 1 
part lime and 3 parts gravel. Apply soft. 

For Walks. — 

5. Walks should always have a well-made foundation of 
stones or brickbats to give hardness and insure drainage. 
The top of the walk may be made of gravel, sifted coal 
ashes, cinders from foundries, furnaces, etc. If gravel is 
used, care should be exercised to avoid the round or washed 
gravel, particularly that lying in the beds of streams, for it 
will not pack. 1 part of clean clay to 4 or 5 of gravel 
makes a good walk. Or the following may be used (6-11): 

6. 1 part mineral pitch, 1 part resin, 7 parts chalk, 
and 2 parts coai-se sand. Boil together, and lay it while in 
a hot state, adding a little gravel. 

7. Boil for a short time 18 parts of mineral pitch and 18 
parts of resin in an iron kettle ; then add 60 parts of coarse 
sand ; mix well, and lay on the path to the thickness of 1 
inch ; then sift a little fine gravel over it and beat it down 
before the cement sets. 

8. Put down a coat of tar and sift some road sand or 
coal ashes over it very thickly. When this is dry, repeat 
the operation until you have four coats of tar and as many 
of coal ashes or road sand. 

9. 2 parts of thoroughly dried sand, 1 part cinders, 



94 horticulturist's rule-book. 

thoroughly dried. Mix together ; then spread the sand 
and cinders on the ground and make a hole in the centre, 
into which pour boiling-hot tar and mix into a stiff paste ; 
then spread on the walk, beat, and roll. 

10. 2 parts lime rubbish and 1 part coal ashes, both 
very dry and finely sifted ; in the middle of the heap make 
a hole; into this pour boiling-hot coal-tar; mix to a stifE 
mortar and spread on the ground 2 or 3 inches thick. The 
ground should be dry and beaten well. Cover with coarse 
sand ; when cold, roll well. 

11. Artificial stone walks of great durability may be 
made as follows : Upon a well-drained foundation (pref- 
erably one of stone, which cannot heave with frost), place 
4 inches of a well-mixed mortar made of 3 parts Portland 
cement and 1 part water-lime, with 2 or 3 times the quantity 
of sand as of Portland. Before this is set, put on a finish- 
ing layer of 1 inch of 1 part Portland', 1 part water-lime, 
and 1 part sharp sand. 

4. Paints and protective compounds. 

Home-made Washes for Fences and Out-Buildings may 
be made by various combinations of lime and grease. The 
following are good formulas : 

1. Slake fresh quicklime in water, and thin it to a paste 
or paint with skim-milk. The addition of 2 or 3 handfuls 
of salt to a pail of the wash is beneficial. 

2. 2 quarts skim-milk, 8 ounces of fresh slaked lime, 6 
ounces of boiled linseed oil, and 2 ounces of white pitch, 
dissolved in the oil by a gentle heat. The lime must be 
slaked in cold water and dried in the air until it falls into 
a fine powder ; then mix with ^ part of the milk, adding 
the mixed oil and pitch by degrees ; add the remainder of 
the milk. Lastly, add 3 pounds of the best whiting and 
mix the whole thoroughly. 

3. Slake ^ bushel of lime in boiling water, keeping it 
covered ; strain and add brine made by dissolving 1 peck 
of salt in warm water, and 3 pounds rice flour, then boil 
to a paste ; add ^ pound whiting and 1 pound of glue dis' 



CEMENTS, MORTARS, PAINTS, AND GLUES. 95 

solved in warm water. Mix and let stand for a few days 
before using. 

Fire-Proof Paint. — 

4. In a covered vessel slake the best quicklime, then 
add a mixture of skim-milk and water, and mix to the con- 
sistency of cream ; then add 20 pounds of alum, 15 pounds 
of potash and 1 bushel of salt to every 100 gallons of the 
liquid. If white paint is desired, add to the above 6 pounds 
of plaster of Paris. 

For Damp Walls. — 

6. I pounds of hard soap to 1 gallon of water. Lay over 
the bricks steadily and carefully with a flat 'brush, so as 
not to form a froth or lather on the surface. After 24 
hours mix ^ pound of alum with 4 gallons of water ; let it 
stand 24 hours, and then apply it in the same manner over 
the coating of soap. Apply in dry weather. 

6. 1| pounds resin, 1 pound tallow, 1 quart linseed oil. 
Melt together and apply hot, two coats. 

Water- PROOFING Paints. — For Leather. — 

7. I pound of shellac, broken into small pieces in a quart 
bottle ; cover with methylated spirit (wood alcohol), cork it 
tight, put it in a warm place, and shake well several times a 
day ; then add a piece of camphor as large as a hen's egg ; 
shake again and add 1 ounce of lampblack. Apply with 
a small paint-brush. 

8. Put into an earthen jar \ pound of beeswax, | pint of 
neat's-foot oil, 3 or 4 tablespoonfuls of lampblack, and a 
piece of camphor as large as a hen's egg. Melt over a sk)w 
fire. Have both grease and leather warm and apply with 
a brush. 

9. 1 pint of linseed oil, ^ pound mutton suet, 6 ounces 
of clean beeswax, and 4 ounces of resin ; melt and mix well. 
Use while warm with a brush on new boots or shoes. 

For Cloth for Pits and Frames. — 

10. Old pale linseed oil, 3 pints ; sugar of lead (acetate 
of lead), 1 ounce ; white resin, 4 ounces. Grind the acetate 
with a little of the oil, then add the rest and the resin. 



96 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Use an iron kettle over a gentle fire. Apply with a brush, 
hot. 
For Paper. — 

11. Dissolve If pounds of white soap in 1 quart of 
water; in another quart of water dissolve 1^ ounces of gum 
arable and 5 ounces of glue. Mix the two liquids, warm 
them and soak the paper in it and pass through rollers, or 
simply hang it up to dry. 

To PREVENT Metals from rusting. — 

12. Melt together 3 parts of lard and 1 part of powdered 
resin. A very thin coating applied with a brush will keep 
stoves and grates from rusting during summer, even in 
damp situations. A little black lead can be mixed with 
the lard. Does well on nearly all metals. 

To PREVENT RUSTING OF NaILS, HiNGES, EtC. — 

13. 1 pint of linseed oil, 2 ounces black lead ; mix to- 
gether. Heat nails red-hot and dip them in. 

Amount of Paint required for a Given Surface. — It is 
impossible to give a rule that will apply in all cases, as the 
amount varies with the kind and thickness of the paint, 
the kind of wood or other material to which it is applied, 
the age of the surface, etc. The following is an approxi- 
mate rule : Divide the number of square feet of surface by 
200. The result will be the number of gallons of liquid 
paint required to give two coats ; or divide by 18, and the 
result will be the number of pounds of pure ground white 
lead required to give three coats. 
5. Glues. 

Liquid Glue. — 

1. Dissolve 2 pounds of best pale glue in 1 quart of 
water in a covered vessel, placed in a hot-water bath ; when 
cold, add to it 7 ounces of commercial nitric acid. When 
colii put in bottles. 

2. Finest pale orange shellac, broken small, 4 ounces ; 
methylated spirit, 3 ounces ; put in a warm place in a closely 
corked bottle until dissolved. Should have the consistency 
of molasses. Or, borax, 1 ounce ; water, | pint ; shellac as 



CEMENTS, MORTARS, PAINTS, AND GLUES. 97 

before ; boil in a closely covered kettle until dissolved ; 
then evaporate until nearly as thick as molasses. 
Flower Gum. — 

3. Very fine white shellac mixed with methylated spirit 
in a stone jar ; shake well for i an hour and place by a fire, 
and shake it frequently the first day. Keep in a cool place. 
Leave the camel's-hair brush in the gum. Never fill the 
brush too full and gum the petals close to the tube. 

Gdm for Labels and Specimens. — 

4. 2 parts of gum arable, 1 part of brown sugar ; dis- 
solve in water to the consistency of cream. 

5. 5 parts of best glue soaked in 18 to 20 parts of 
water for a day, and to the liquid add 9 parts of rock 
candy and 3 parts of gum arabic. 

6. Good flour and glue, to which add linseed oil, varnish, 
. and turpentine, ^ ounce each to the pound. Good when 

labels are liable to get damp. 



CHAPTER IX. 



SEED-TABLES. 



I. Quantity of Seed required to sow an Acre. 



Asparagus 
Beans, Dwarf 

" Pole . 
Beet . . . 
Buckwheat . 
Cabbage . . 
Carrot . . . 
Cauliflower . 
Celery . . . 
Clover . . . 

" Crimson 
Corn . . . 
Cow-pea . . 
Cucumber 
Cress, Water 

" Upland 
Egg-plant . . 
Grass . . . 
Kale, or Sprouts 
Lettuce . . 
Melon, Musk 

" Water 
Mustard . . 
Onion . . . ^ 

" Seed for' Sets 

" Sets . . . 



. 4 or 5 lbs., or 1 oz. for 50 
in drills 



in beds to transplant . . . 

in drills 

1 oz. of seed for 1000 plants 
1 oz. for 2000 plants . . 

for orchards 

for orchards and vineyards 

in hills 

broadcast 

in hills 

in drills 



1 oz. of seed for 1000 plants 
for lawns 



1 oz. of seed for 1000 plants 
in hills 



broadcast 
in drills . 



ft. of drill. 


11 bu. 


10tol2qts. 


5 to 6 lbs. 


Ibu. 


ilb. 


2 to 4 lbs. 


8 to 16 lbs. 


8 to 16 lbs. 


8 to 10 qts. 


2bu. 


2 lbs. 


2 to 3 lbs. 


2 to 3 lbs. 


2 to 4 bu. 


3 to 4 lbs. 


2 to 3 lbs. 


4 to 5 lbs. 


ibu. 


5 to 6 lbs. 


30 lbs. 


6 to 12 bu. 



98 



SEED-TABLES. 



99 



Orchard Grass 20to301bs. 

Parsnip in drills 4 to 6 lbs. 

Peas " 1 to 2 bu. 

" broadcast 2 to 3 bu. 

Potato (cut-tubers) 7 to 8 bu. 

Pumpkin in hills 4 to 5 lbs. 

Radish in drills 8 to 10 lbs. 

Rye for orchards 1 to 1 1 bu. 

Sage in drills 8 to 10 lbs. 

Salsify " 8 to 10 lbs. 

Spinage " 10tol21bs. 

Squash, Bush ... in hills 4 to 6 lbs. 

" Running . . " 3 to 4 lbs. 

Tomato to transplant ^ lb. 

Turnip in drills 1 to 2 lbs. 

" broadcast 3 to 4 lbs. 

Vetch 1 bu. 



2. Average Time required for Garden Seeds to germinate. 



DayH. 

Bean 5-10 

Beet 7-10 

Cabbage 5-10 

Carrot 12-18 

Cauliflower 5-10 

Celery 10-20 

Corn 5-8 

Cucumber 6-10 

Endive 5-10 



Days. 

Lettuce 6-8 

Onion 7-10 

Pea 6-10 

Parsnip 10-20 

Pepper 9-14 

Radish 3-6 

Salsify 7-12 

Tomato 6-12 

Turnip 4-8 



Weight and Size of Garden Seeds. 

Adapted from Vilmorin's Tables. 



"Weight of a qt. of 
seeds in ozs, 

Angelica 5.825 

Anise 11.65 



Number of seeds 

in 1 grain. 
11.01 
12.96 



100 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Weight of a qt. of Number of seeds 

seeds in ozs. in 1 grain. 

Asparagus Bean {Dolichos 

sesquipedalis) . . . 29.90 32.40 to 42.12 

Balm 2L35 129.60 

Basil 20.58 51.84 

Bean 24.26 to 83.01 4.86 to 5. 18 in 100 gr. 

Beet ........ 9.71 3.24 

Borage 18.74 4.21 

Borecole 27.18 19.44 

Broccoli 27.18 24.30 

Cabbage 27.18 19.44 

Caper 17.86" 10.37 

Caraway ....... 16.34 22.68 

Cardoon 24.46 1.62 

Carrot with the spines . . 9.32 45.36 

" without the spines . 13.98 61.56 

Catmint 30.29 77.76 

Cauliflower 27.18 24.30 

Celery 18.64 162.00 

Chervil 14.76 29.16 

" Sweet-scented . . 9.71 2.59 

" Turnip-rooted . . 20.97 29.16 

Chicory 15.54 45.36 

Chick-pea 30.29 1.94 in 10 gr. 

Coriander 12.43 5.83 

Corn-salad^ ...... 10.87 64.80 

Cress, American .... 20.97 61.56 

" Common Garden . 28.35 29.16 
" Meadow (Cuckoo- 
flower) . . . .22.52 97.20 

. 7.77 220.32 

. 22.52 259.20 

. 19.42 2.14 

. 19.42 6.48 
Prickly-fruited 

Gherkin . . 21.36 8.42 



" Para . . . 
"_ Water . . 
Cucumber, Common 
" Globe . 



SEED-TABLES. 101 

"Weight of a qt. of Number of seed? 

seeds in ozs. in 1 grain. 

Cucumber, Snake (Cucu- 

mis flexuosus) 17.48 2.59 

Dandelion 10.49 77.76 to 97.20 

Dill 11.65 58.32 

Egg-plant 19.42 16.20 

Endive 13.20 38.88 

Fennel, Common or Wild . 17.48 20.09 

" Sweet 9.13 8.10 

Gumbo, see Okra. 

Good King Henry. . . .24.27 27.86 

Gourds, Fancy 17.48 1.29 

Hop 9.71 12.96 

Horehound 26.41 64.80 

Hyssop 22.33 55.08 

Kohlrabi 27.18 19.44 

Leek 21.36 25.92 

Lettuce 16.69 51.84 

Lovage 7.77 19.44 

Maize, or Indian Corn . . 24.85 2.59 to 3.24 in 10 gr. 

Marjoram, Sweet .... 21.35 259.20 

" Winter . . . 26.15 777.60 

Martynia 11.26 1.29 

Muskmelon 13.98 3.56 

Mustard, Black or Brown 26.15 45.36 

" Chinese Cabbage- 
leaved . . . 25.63 42.12 

" White, or Salad . 29.12 12.96 

Nasturtium, Tall .... 13.20 4.54 to 5.18 in 10 gr. 

" Dwarf . . . 23.30 9.7 in 10 gr. 

Okra 24.08 9.7 to 11.66 in 10 gr. 

Onion 19.42 16.20 

Orach 5.44 16.20 

Pea 27.18 to 31.07 1.29 to 3.56 in 10 gr. 

" Gray or Field . . . 26.41 to 31.07 3.24 to 5.18 in 10 gr. 

Peanut 15.53 1.29 to 1.94 in 10 gr. 



102 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Weight of a qt. of Number of seeds 

seeds in ozs. in 1 grain. 

Pepper 17.48 9.72 

Pumpkin 9.71 1.94 in 10 gr. 

Purslane 23.69 162.00 

Radish 27.18 7.77 

Rampion 31.07 1620.00 

Rhubarb 3.10 to 4.66 3.24 

Rocket Salad 29.12 35.64 

Rosemary 15.64 58.32 

Rue 22.52 32.40 

Sage 21.36 16.20 

Salsify 8.93 6.48 

Savory, Summer .... 19.42 97.20 

" Winter .... 16.69 162.00 

Scorzonera 10.09 5.83 

Scurvy-grass 23.30 97.20 to 116.64 

Sea-kale 8.16 9.72 to 11.66 in 10 gr. 

Spinage, Prickly-seeded . 14.56 5.83 

" Round-seeded . 19.80 7.13 

" New Zealand . 8.67 6.48 to 7.77 in 10 gr. 

Squash, Bush-scallop . . 16.69 6.48 

Strawberry 23.30 51.84 to 162.00 

Blite (Blitum) . S1.07 324.00 
" Tomato (Phys- 

alis) . . . 25.24 64.80 

Sweet Cicely 9.71 2.59 

Tansy 11.65 453.60 

Thyme 26.41 388.80 

Tomato 11.65 19.44 to 25.92 

Turnip 26.02 29.16 

Valerian, African . . . 4.27 16.20 

Watermelon 17.86 3.24 to 3.88 in 10 gr. 

Wax Gourd 11.65 1.36 

Welsh Onion, Common . 18.64 19.44 

" Early White 22.91 32.40 

Wormwood 25.24 745.20 



SEED-TABLES. 



103 



4. Number of Tree-Seeds in a Pound. 

FRUIT TREES. 

About. 

Apple 12,000 

Cherry Pits 1,000 

Peach 200 

Pear 15,000 

Phim . 600 

Quince '. . 15,000 

Mulberry 200,000 



FOREST TREES. 

Butternut Juglans cinerea . . 

Black Walnut Juglans nigra . . . 

American Horse-Chestnut , . -^sculus glabra . . 
Hickory (Shellbark) .... Carya alba .... 
American Sweet Chestnut . . Castanea vesca, var. 
Silver-leaved Maple .... Acer dascycarpum . 

Honey-locust Gleditschia triacanthos 

Black Cherry Prunus serotina . . 

Black Ash Fraxinus sambucif olia 

American Bass wood .... Tilia Americana . . 

Norway Maple Acer platanoides . . 

Sugar Maple Acer saccharinum . 

Barberry Berberis vulgaris 

Red Cedar Juniperus Virginiana 

Rock Elm Ulmus racemosa . . 

American White Ash . . . Fraxinus Americana 
Osage Orange . . . . . . Madura aurantiaca . 

Silver Fir Abies pectinata . . 

Box Elder Negundo aceroides . 

Hardy Catalpa Catalpa speciosa , . 

Ailanthus Ailanthus glandulosus 

White Pine Pinus Strobus . . . 

Scarlet Maple Acer rubrum . . . 



By count. 

15 

25 

36 

78 

90 

2,421 

2,496 

4,311 

5,629 

6,337 

7,231 

7,488 

8,183 

8,321 

8,352 

9,858 

10,656 

12,000 

14,784 

19,776 

20,161 

20,540 

22,464 



104 horticulturist's rule-book. 

By count. 

Green Ash Fraxinus viridis . . . 22,656 

Black Locust Robinia Pseudacacia . 28,992 

Red Elm Ulmus fulva .... 54,359 

American White Elm . . . Ulmus Americana . . 92,352 

American Mountain Ash . . Pyrus Americana . . 108,327 

White Birch Betula alba 500,000 

5. Longevity of Garden Seeds. 

Adapted from Vilmorin's Tables. 

The plus sign denotes that the seeds had not all lost their 

germinating power at the termination of the number of years 

recorded. 

Average Extreme 

years. years. 

Angelica 1 or 2 3 

Anise 3 5 

Asparagus Bean (Dolichos sesquipedalis) . . 3 8 

Balm 4 7 

Basil 8 10+ 

Bean 3 8 

Beet 6 10+ 

Borage 8 10+ 

Borecole 5 10 

Broccoli . • 5 10 

Cabbage 5 10 

Caraway . 3 4 

Cardoon 7 9 

Carrot, with the spines 4 or 5 10+ 

♦♦ without the spines 4 or 5 10+ 

Catmint 6 10 + 

Cauliflower 5 10 

Celery 8 10 

Chervil 2 or 3 6 

«♦ Sweet-scented 1 1 

" Turnip-rooted 1 1 



SEED-TABLES. 



105 



Average Extreme 

years. years. 

Chicory 8 10+ 

Chick-pea 3 8 

Coriander 6 8 

Corn-salad, Common 6 10 

Cress, American 3 6 

" Common Garden 5 9 

" Meadow (Cuckoo-flower) 4 (?) 

" Para . . . . f 6 7-|- 

" Water 5 9 

Cucumber, Common 10 10+ 

'* Globe 6 (?) 

*' Prickly-fruited Gherkin . ... 6 7 + 

" Snake {Cucumis flexuosus) . . 7 or 8 10+ 

Dandelion 2 5 

Dill 3 5 

Egg-plant 6 10 

Endive 10 10+ 

Fennel, Common or Wild 4 7 

" Sweet 4 7 

Gumbo, see Okra. 

Good King Henry 3 6 

Gourds, Fancy 6 10+ 

Hop 2 4 

Horehound 3 6 

Hyssop 3 5 

Kohlrabi 5 10 

Leek 3 9 

Lettuce, Common 5 9 

Lovage 3 4 

Maize, or Indian Corn 2 4 

Marjoram, Sweet 3 7 

" Winter . • 5 7 

Martynia 1 or 2 (?) 

Muskmelon 5 10+ 

Mustard, Black or Brown 4 9 



106 horticultukist's rule-book. 

Average Extreme 

years. years. 

Mustard, Chinese Cabbage-leaved .... 4 8 

" White or Salad 4 10 

Nasturtium, Tall 6 5 

" Dwarf 6 8 

Okra 5 10+ 

Onion 2 7 

Orach 6 7 

Parsnip 2 4 

Parsley 3 9 

Pea, Garden 3 8 

" Gray or Field 3 , 8 

Pepper 4 7 

Pumpkin 4 or 5 9 

Purslane 7 10 

Radish 5 10+ 

Rampion 6 10+ 

Rhubarb 3 .8 

Rocket Salad 4 9 

Rosemary 4 (?) 

Rue 2 6 

Sage 3 7 

Salsify 2 8 

Savory, Summer 3 7 

" Winter 3 6 

Scorzonera 2 7 

Scurvy-grass 4 7 

Sea-kale 1 7 

Spinage, Prickly-seeded 6 7 

" Round-seeded 6 7 

'' New Zealand 5 8 

Squash, Bush-scallop 6 10 + 

Strawberry 3 6 

" Tomdito {Physalis) 8 10+ 

Sweet Cicely 1 1 

Tansy 2 4 



SEED-TABLES. 



107 



Average Extreme 

years. years. 

Thyme 3 7 

Tomato 4 9 

Turnip 5 10+ 

Valerian, African 4 7 

Watermelon 6 10 

Wax Gourd 10 10 + 

Welsh Onion, Common 2 or 3 7 

'* Early White 3 8 

Wormwood 4 6 



6. Average Yields of Seed-Crops. 





When crop is as good 
as 20 bu. of wheat 


When crop is 




per acre would be. 


very heavy. 


Bean . . . 


. . 600 


lbs. per ac 


re 1500 lbs. per acre 


Pea . . . 


. . 900 


(( ( 


2500 " " 


Squash, Summer, 100 


(( ( 


700 " ♦' 


" Winter . 100 


u t 


400 " " 


Sweet Com 


. .1000 to 2500 » * 

(according to variety) 


' 2500 to 4000 " " 


Cucumber . 


. . 150 




700 " » 


Muskmelon 


. . 125 




600 " " 


Watermelon 


. . 150 




1000 " " 


Tomato . . 


. . 100 




400 " *' 


Cabbage . 


. . 250 




' 800 " " 



The average crop is probably 10 to 20 per cent less than the 
figures given in the first column. 



CHAPTER X. 

PLANTING-TABLES. 

I . Dates for Sowing or Setting Kitchen-Garden Vegetables in 
Different Latitudes. 

(1) Lansing, Michigan. 

Average of 4 and 5 years. 

Bean, l^usli May 16. 

" Pole May 30. 

Beet April 20. 

Broccoli May 10. 

Brussels Sprouts May 10. 

Cabbage, Early, under glass March 15. 

Cabbage, Late May 20. 

Carrot May 7. 

Cauliflower, under glass March 15. 

Celery, under glass March 18. 

" in open ground May 20. 

Corn May 19. 

Cucumber May 23. 

Egg-plant, under glass March 15. 

Kale May 9. 

Kohlrabi May 9. 

Lettuce May 5. 

Melon May 30. 

Okra May 15. 

Onion April 17. 

Parsnips May 7. 

Peas April 15. 

108 



PLANTING-TABLES. 109 

Pepper, under glass March 16. 

Potato May 3. 

Pumpkin May 31. 

Radish April 26. 

Salsify May 7. 

Spinage April 10. 

Squash May 28. 

Tomato, under glass March 13. 

Turnip April 16. 

(2) Boston. {Bawson.) 

Asparagus About the end of April. 

Bean, Bush About the first week in May. 

Bean, Pole From about the middle of May to the 

1st of June. 

Bean, Lima About the 1st of June. 

Beet About the middle of April. 

Borecole, or Kale . . . About the middle of April ; plant out 

in June. 
Brussels Sprouts ... In March or April in hotbed. 
Cabbage Transplant the last week in April or 

the 1st in May. 

Carrots Last of May or 1st of June. 

Cauliflower From the 1st of May until the 1st of 

July. 
Celery The 1st week in April to the 2d in 

July. 
Com, Sweet .... About the 1st of May. 
Cucumber For 1st crop, about the middle of 

March. 
Egg-plant ..... About March 15th in hotbed. 

Endive June or July. 

Kohlrabi May or June. 

Okra About the 10th of May. 

Peas During the last of April up to the 

1st of May. 



110 



horticulturist's rule-book. 



Pepper Put out of doors about the 1st of April. 

Radish From the 1st of April to the middle 

of June. 

Spinage About the 1st of September. 

Tomato About the 25th of May set plants out- 
doors. 

Turnips, for fall use . . Any time from July 1st to August 20th. 

Watermelon .... About the middle of May. 

(3) New York. {Henderson.) 

Plants to sow from the middle of March to the end of April. 
Thermometer in the shade averaging 45 degrees. 



Beet. 




Cauliflower, 


Parsley. 


Carrot. 




Endive. 


Peas. 


Cress. 




Kale. 


Radish. 


Celery. 




Lettuce. 


Spinage. 


Cabbage. 




Onions. 
Parsnip. 


Turnip. 


rom the middle 


of May to the middle of 


June. Thermometer 


in 


the shade averaging 60 degrees. 


Bean, Bush. 




Bean, Runner. 


Nasturtium. 


Bean, Cranberry. 


Corn, Sweet. 


Okra. 


Bean, Lima. 




Cucumber. 


Pumpkin. 


Bean, Pole. 




Melon, Musk. 


Squash. 


Bean, Scarlet. 




Melon, Water. 


Tomato. 



(4) Norfolk, Virginia. 

Months in which different crops are planted or sown, or set out in 

the open air. 

Kale and Spinach Sown during August, September, and October. 

Cabbage . . . The seeds are sown in August and September, 
and the plants are transplanted in the 
open air in November and December. 



PLANTING-TABLES. 



Ill 



Onions . . 


Sown in August, September, January, and 




February. 


Leeks . . . 


The same as onions. 


Lettuce . . 


. Sown in September and January. 


Radish . . 


. Sown in every month in the year. 


>I*eas . . . 


. December, January, February, March, April, 




August, and September. 


Beans . . . 


. March and April. 


Egg-plant . 


. April and May. 


Tomatoes 


. April and May. 


Squash . . 


. April. 


Cauliflower . 


. March and April. 


Potatoes . . 


. February, March, and July. 


Sweet Potatoes 


May. 


Beets . . . 


. Febraary and March. 


Corn . . . 


. April, May, June, and July. 


Oats . . . 


. September, October, November, December, 




February, and March. 


Millet . . . 


. June and July ; after potatoes. 


Grass-seed . 


. September, October, November, February, 




and March. 


Carrots . . 


. February and March. 


Celery . . . 


. April and May. 


Cucumbers . 


. April. 


Watermelons 


. April. 


Canteloupes . 


, April. 


Peanuts . . 


. May. 



(5) Georgia. (Oemler.) 

Asparagus . . From December 1st to the middle of March. 
Bean, Bush . . From the 1st to the middle of March. 
Beet .... Through November and December. 
Cabbage . . . From the 1st of October to the 15th. Trans- 
plant about November 1st and later. 
Cauliflower . . From May to September. 
Cucumber . . About March 1st to the 15th. 



112 



horticulturist's rule-book. 



Egg-plant . 



Lettuce 
Onion . 
Pea. . 
Potato . 
Radish 
Spinage 
Squash 



Sweet Potato 
Tomato . . 
Watermelon . 



. To prick out, about the middle of January, 
otherwise ten or fifteen days later. 

. About the middle of September. 

. About January 1st. 

. About December 1st. 

. The 1st of February. 

. From Christmas to the last of February. 

. From September 10th until October 15th. 

. About the last of February up to the middle 
of March. 

. In cold frames, about the 1st of January. 

. About January 1st. 

. About the 15th of March. 



2. Tender and Hardy Vegetables. 

Vegetables injured by a slight frost, and which should there/ore be 
planted only after the weather has settled. 

Egg-plant. Pumpkin. 



All Beans. 



Corn. 


All Melons. 


Cucumber. 


•Okra. 




Pepper. 


Vegetables which, 


when properly han 


Asparagus. 


Corn-salad. 


Beet. 


Cress. 


Borecole. 


Endive. 


Broccoli. 


Horseradish 


Brussels Sprouts. 


Kale. 


Cabbage. 


Kohlrabi. 


Carrot. 


Leek. 


Cauliflower. 


Lettuce. 


Celery. 


All Onions. 



Squash. 
Sweet Potato. 
Tomato. 



Parsley. 

Parsnip. 

Pea. 

Radish. 

Rhubarb. 

Salsify. 

Sea-kale. 

Spinage. 

Turnip. 



3. Usual Distances apart for planting Fruits. 

Apples 30 to 40 feet each way. 

" Dwarf 10 " 15 " " <' 



PLANTING-TABLES. 



113 



Pears 20 

" Dwarf 10 

Plums 16 

Peaches 16 

Cherries 16 

Apricots 16 

Nectarines 16 

Quinces 8 

Figs 20 

Mulberries 25 

Japanese Persimmons 20 

Loquats 15 

Pecans 35 

Grapes 8 

Currants 4 

Gooseberries 4 

Raspberries, Black 3 

" Red 3 

Blackberries 4 

Cranberries 1 

Strawberries 1 

Oranges and Lemons 25 



to 30 


feet 


each way 


" 15 


(( 




" 20 


t( 




" 20 


(( 




" 25 


(( 




'' 20 


(( 




" 20 


(( 




u 14 


(i 




" 25 


(( 




" 30 


(( 




" 25 


(( 




" 25 


u 




" 40 


(( 




" 12 


(( 




X 5 


feet. 




X 5 


(( 




X 6 


(( 




X 5 


u 




X 7 to 6 X 8 feet. 


or 2 ft. apart each way 
X 3 or 4 feet. 


to 30 


feet 


each way 



Distances recommended for Orange Trees in California. 

Dwarfs, as Tangerines 10 to 12 feet. 

Half-dwarfs, as Washington Navel . 24 " 30 " 
Mediterranean Sweet, Maltese Blood, 

Valencia 24 " 30 '♦ 

St. Michael 18 " 24 " 

Seedlings 30 " 40 " 



4. Usual Distances apart for planting Vegetables. 

Artichoke . . Rows 3 or 4 ft. apart, 2 to 3 ft. apart in the 

row. 
Asparagus . . Rows 3 to 4 ft. apart, 1 to 2 ft. apart in the 

row. 



114 



HOBTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



Beans, Bush . 

" Pole . 
Beet, Early . , 

" Late . . 
Broccoli . . 
Cabbage, Early , 

" Late 
Carrot . . 
Cauliflower 
Celery . . 

Corn-salad 
Corn, Sweet 

Cress . . 
Cucumber 
Egg-plant 
Endive 
Horseradish 
Kohlrabi . 
Leek . . 
Lettuce . 
Melons, Musk 
" Water 
Mushroom 
Okra . . 
Onion . . 
Parsley . 
Parsnip . 
Peas . . 



Pepper 
Potato 
Pumpkin . 
Kadisli 
Rhubarb . 



1 ft. apart in rows 2 to 3 ft. apart. 

3 to 4 ft. each way. 

In drills 12 to 18 in. apart. • 

In drills 2 to 3 ft. apart. 
1^ X 2^ ft. to 2 X 3 ft. 
16 X 28 in. to 18 x 30 m. 

2 X 3 ft. to 2i X 3t ft. 
In drills 1 to 2 ft. apart. 

2 X 2 ft. to 2 X 3 ft. 

Rows 3 to 4 ft. apart, 6 to 9 in. in the row ; 

'*new celery culture," 7x7 in., each way. 
In drills 12 to 18 in. apart. 
Rows 3 to 3 1 ft. apart, 9 in. to 2 ft. in the 

row. 
In drills 10 to 12 in. apart. 

4 to 5 ft. each way. 

3 X 3 ft. 

1 X 1 ft. to 1 X 1| ft. 

1 X 2 or 3 ft. 

10 X 18 in. to 1 X 2 ft. 

6 in. X 1 or 1^ ft. 

1 X li or 2 ft. 

5 to 6 ft. each way. 

7 to 8 ft. each way. 

6 to 8 in. each way. 
1| X 2 or 3 ft. 

In drills from 14 to 20 in. apart. 

In drills 1 to 2 ft. apart. 

In drills, 18 in. to 3 ft. apart. 

In drills ; early kinds, usually in double rows, 

6 to 9 in. apart ; late kinds, in single rows, 

2 to 3 ft. apart. 
15 to 18 in. X 2 to 2^ ft. 
10 to 18 in. X 21 to 3 ft. 

8 to 10 ft. each way. 

In drills, 10 to 18 in. apart. 

2 to 4 ft. X 4 ft. 



PLANTING-TABLES. 



115 





Salsify 


... In drills, 1^ to 2 ft. 


apart. 






Sea-kale . . . 2 x 2 to 3 ft. 




Spinage ... In drills, 12 to 18 in. apart. 




Squash 


, Bush . 3 to 4 ft. X 4 ft. 




u 


Late . 6 to 8 ft. each way. 




Sweet Potato . 2 ft. x 3 to 4 ft. 




Tomato . . . 4 ft. x 4 to 5 ft. 




Turnip 


... In drills, 1^ to 2^ ft. apart. 


. Number of Plants Required to Set an Acre of Ground at 






Given Distances. 






Plants. Plants. 


1 in. X 1 in. 


. 6,272,640 


3 in. X 5 ill. . . 418,175 




' x 2 " 




. 3,136,320 


3 '' X 6 " . 




348,480 




' X 3" 




. 2,090,880 


3 " X 7 '' 






298,697 




' X 4" 




. 1,568,160 


3 " X 8 " 






261,360 




' X 5 " 




. 1,254,528 


3 " X 9 " 






232,320 




' X 6" 




. 1,045,440 


3 " xlO " 






209,088 




' X 7 " 




. 896,091 


3 " xll " 






. 190,080 




' X 8 " 




. . 784,080 


3 " xl2 " 






174,240 




' X 9" 




. . 696,960 


4 " X 4 '' 






392,040 




' XlO" 




. 627,269 


4 " X 5 " 






313,632 




' xll " 




. 570,240 


4 u X 6" 






261,360 




' Xl2 " 




. . 522,720 


4 " X 7 " 






224,022 


2 ' 


' X 2 " 




. 1,568,160 


4 " X 8 " 






196,020 


2 ' 


' X 3*' 




. 1,045,440 


4 " X 9 " 






174,240 


2 ' 


' X 4" 




. 784,080 


4 " xlO" 






156,816 


2 ' 


' X 5" 




. 627,264 


4 " xll '' 






142,560 


2 ' 


' X 6" 




. 522,720 


4 *' xl2 " 






130,680 


2 ' 


' X 7" 




. 448,045 


5 " X 5 " 






250,905 


2 ' 


' X 8 " 




. 392,040 


5 " X 6 " 






209,088 


2 ' 


' X 9" 




. 348,480 


5 " X 7 " 






179,218 


2 ' 


' xlO " 




. 313,632 


5 " X 8 " 






156,816 


2 ' 


' xll " 




. 285,120 


5 " X 9 " 






139,392 


2 ' 


' xl2*' 




. . 261,360 


5 " xlO " 






125,452 




' X 3" 




. 696,960 


5 " xll " 






114,048 


3 ' 


' X 4" 




. . 522,720 


5 *' xl2 " 






104,544 



116 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 







Plants. 






Plants. 


6 in 


X 6 in. . . 


. 174,240 


12 in 


X 18 in. . . . 


29,040 


6 " 


X 7 " . . 


149,348 


12 " 


X 20 " . . . 


26,136 


6 " 


X 8 " . . 


130,680 


12 " 


1x24 "or 2ft. 


21,780 


6 " 


X 9 " . . 


116,160 


or 1ft 


7 


6 " 


X 10 " . . 


104,544 


12 in 


X 30 " . . . 


17,424 


6 " 


X 11 " . . 


95,040 


12 " 


X 36 "or 3 ft. 


14,520 


6 " 


X 12 " . . 


87,120 


12 " 


X 42 " . . . 


12,446 


7 " 


X 7 " . . 


128,013 


12 " 


X 48 "or 4 ft. 


10,890 


7 " 


X 8 " . . . 


112,011 


12 " 


X 54 " . . . 


9,680 


7 •' 


X 9 " . . . 


99,562 


12 " 


X 60 " or 5 ft. 


8,712 


7 " 


X 10 " . . . 


89,609 


15 " 


X 15 " . . . 


27,878 


7 " 


X 11 " . . . 


81,462 


15 " 


X 18 " . . . 


23,232 


7 *' 


X 12 " . . . 


74,674 


15 " 


X 20 " . . . 


20,908 


8 " 


X 8 " . . . 


98,010 


15 " 


X 24 "or 2 ft. 


17,424 


8 " 


X 9 " . . . 


87,120 


15 " 


X 30 " . . . 


13,939 


8 '« 


X 10 *' . . . 


78,408 


15 " 


X 36 "or 3 ft. 


11,616 


8 " 


X 11 " . . . 


71,280 


15 " 


X 42 " . . . 


9,953 


8 " 


X 12 *' . . . 


65,340 


15 " 


X 48 "or 4 ft. 


8,712 


9 " 


X 9 " . . . 


77,440 


15 " 


X 54 " . . . 


7,744 


9 ♦' 


X 10 " . . . 


69,696 


15 " 


X 60 "or 5 ft. 


6,969 


9 " 


X 11 " . . . 


63,360 


18 " 


X 18 " . . . 


19,360 


9 " 


X 12 " . . . 


58,080 


18 " 


X 20 " . . . 


17,424 


10 " 


X 10 «' . . . 


62,726 


18 " 


X 24 "or 2 ft. 


14,520 


10 " 


X 12 " . . . 


52,272 


18 " 


X 30 " . . . 


11,616 


10 '' 


X 15 " . . . 


41,817 


18 " 


X 36 "or 3 ft. 


9,680 


10 " 


X 18 " . . . 


34,848 


18 " 


X 42 " . . . 


8,297 


10 " 


X 20 " . . . 


31,362 


18 " 


X 48 "or4ft. 


7,260 


10 " 


X 24 " or2ft. 


26,132 


18 " 


X 54 " . . . 


6,453 


10 " 


X 30 " . . . 


20,908 


18 " 


X 60 "or 5 ft. 


5,808 


10 " 


X 36 "or 3 ft. 


17,424 


20 " 


X 20 " . . . 


15,681 


10 " 


X 42 " . . . 


14,935 


20 " 


X 24 "or 2 ft. 


13,168 


10 " 


X 48 "or 4 ft. 


13,068 


20 " 


X 30 " . . . 


10,454 


10 " 


X 54 » . . . 


11,616 


20 " 


X 36 "or 3 ft. 


8,712 


10 " 


X 60 "or 5 ft. 


10,454 


20 " 


X 42 " . . . 


7,467 


12 " 


X 12 " . . . 


43,560 


20 " 


X 48 "or 4 ft. 


6,534 


12 " 


X 15 " . . . 


34,848 


20 " 


X 54 " . . . 


5,308 



PLANTING-TABLES. 



117 











Plants. 










Plants: 


JO in. X 60 in. or 5 ft. 5,227 


4 ft. X 6 ft. . . . 1,185 


1 ft. X 1 ft. 


. 43,560 


4 ' 


' X 7 " 






1,556 




' X 2 " . 




. 21,780 


4 « 


' X 8" 






1,361 




' X 3 " 






. 14,520 


4 ' 


' X 9 " 






1,210 




' X 4 " 






. 10,890 


4 ' 


' X 10 " 






1,089 




' X 5 " 






. 8,712 


4 * 


' X 11 " 






990 




' X 6 " 






. 7,260 


4 ' 


♦ X 12 " 






907 




i X 7 " 






6,223 


5 * 


' X 5" 






1,742 




' X 8" 






. 5,445 


5 * 


' X 6 '' 






1,452 




♦ X 9 " 






4,840 


5 ' 


' X 7" 






1,244 




' X 10 ♦' 






. 4,356 


5 ♦ 


' X 8" 






1,089 




' X 11 " 






. 3,960 


5 ' 


' X 9 " 






968 




' X 12 " 






. 3,630 


5 ' 


' X 10 ♦' 






871 


2 ' 


' X 2 " 






. 10,890 


6 ' 


' X 11 " 






792 


2 ' 


' X 3 " 






. 7,260' 


5 ' 


' X 12 " 






726 


2 ' 


' X 4 " 






5,445 


6 ' 


♦ X 6" 






1,210 


2 ' 


' X 6 " 






. 4,356 


6 ' 


♦ X 7 " 






1,037 


2 ' 


' X 6 " 






3,630 


6 ' 


' X 8" 






907 


2 * 


' X 7 » 






. 3,111 


6 ♦ 


• X 9" 






806 


2 ♦ 


' X 8 '♦ 






. 2,722 


6 ' 


' X 10 " 






726 


2 ' 


' X 9 " 






2,420 


6 ' 


♦ X 11 " 






660 


2 ♦ 


' X 10 " 






2,178 


6 ' 


' X 12 " 






605 


2 ' 


' X 11 " 






1,980 


7 ' 


' X 7 " 






888 


2 ' 


' X 12 " 






1,815 


7 ' 


' X 8" 






777 


3 » 


' X 3 " 






4,840 


7 ♦ 


' X 9" 






691 


3 ♦ 


' X 4 " 






3,630 


7 ' 


* X 10 " 






622 


3 ' 


' X 5 " 






2,904 


7 ' 


' X 11 ♦* 






565 


3 ' 


' X 6 " 






2,420 


7 ' 


' X 12 " 






518 


3 ' 


' X 7 " 






2,074 


8 ♦ 


' X 8" 






680 


3 ' 


' X 8 " 






1,815 


8 ' 


♦ X 9" 






605 


3 ♦ 


' X 9 " 






1,613 


8 ' 


' X 10 " 






544 


3 ' 


♦ X 10 " . 






1,452 


8 ' 


' X 11 «' 






495 


3 ' 


' X 11 " . 






1,320 


8 ' 


' X 12 '' . 






453 


3 ' 


' X 12 " 






1,210 


9 ' 


' X 9" . 






537 


4 ' 


' X 4 " . 






2,722 


9 ' 


' X 10 " 






484 


4 ♦ 


' X 5" 






2,178 


9 ' 


' X 11 " 






440 



118 



horticulturist's rule-book. 













Plants. 










Plants. 


9 ft. X 12 ft 403 


15 ft. X 48 ft 60 


9 


u X 14 " 








. 345 


15 " X 54 " 








. -53 


9 


" X 15 " 








. 322 


15 " X 60 " 








. 48 


9 


" X 18 " 








. 268 


18 " X 18 " 








. 134 


9 



























2 

2 ' 

2 

2 

2 ' 

2 

2 

2 

2 ' 

2 

2 ' 

5 ' 

5 ' 

5 ' 

5 


" X 20 " 
" X 10 " 
' X 12 " 
' X 15 " 
' X 18 " 
' X 20 " 
' X 24 " 
' X 30 " 
' X 36 " 
' X 42 " 
' X 45 " 
' X 48 " 
' X 54 " 
' X 60 " 
'. X 12 " 
' X 15 " 
' X 18 " . 
' X 20 " 
' X 24 " . 
' X 30 " . 
' X 36 " 
' X 42 " 
' X 48 " . 
' X 54 " 
' X 60 " . 
' X 15 " 
' X 18 " 
« X 20 " 
' X 24 " 








. 242 

. 435 

. 363 

. 290 

. 242 

. 217 

. 181 

. 145 

121 

. 103 

. 96 

. 90 

80 

. 72 

302 

242 

201 

181 

151 

121 

100 

86 

75 

67 

60 

193 

161 

145 

121 


18 " X 20 " 
18 " X 24 " 
18 " X 30 " 
18 " X 36 " 
18 " X 42 " 
18 " X 48 " 
18 " X 54 " 
18 " X 60 " 
20 " X 20 " 
20 " X 24 " 
"20 " X 30 " 
20 " X 36 " . 
20 " X 42 " 
20 " X 48 " 
20 " X 54 " 
20 " X 60 " 
24 " X 24 " 
24 " X 30 " . 
24 " X 36 " 
24 " X 42 " 
24 " X 48 " 
24 " X 54 " 
24 " X 60 " . 
30 " X 30 " . 
30 " X 36 " 
30 " X 42 " . 
30 " X 48 " 
30 " X 54 " . 
30 " X 60 " 






- 


. 121 
. 100 
. 80 
67 
. 57 
50 
44 
40 
108 
90 
72 
60 
51 
45 
40 
36 
75 
60 
50 
43 
37 
33 
30 
48 
40 
34 
30 
26 
24 


5 ' 


' X 30 " 








96 


36 " X 36 " . 








33 


5 ' 
5 


' X 36 " 
' X 42 " , 








80 
69 


36 " X 42 " . 
36 " X 48 " 








28 
25 



PLANTING-TABLES. 



119 



36 ft. X 54 ft 


36 ' 


' X60" 


38 ' 


' X 38 " 


38 ' 


' X 40 " 


38 ' 


' X 42 " 


38 ' 


' X 48 " 


38 ' 


' X 50 " 


38 ' 


' X 54 " 


38 ' 


'' X 60 " 


40 ' 


' X 40 " 


40 ' 


' X 42 " 


40 ' 


' X 48 " 


40 ' 


' X 50 " 


40 ' 


' X 54 " 


40 ' 


' X 60 " 


42 ' 


' X 42 " 



Plants. 
22 
20 
30 
28 
27 
23 
22 
21 
19 
27 
25 
22 
21 
20 
18 
24 



42 ft, 

42 

42 

48 

48 

48 

50 

50 

50 

54 

54 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 









Plants. 


X 48 ft 21 


X 54 " . 






19 


X 60 *' . 






. 17 


X 48 » . 






. 18 


X 54 " . 






. 16 


X 60 " . 






. 16 


X 50" 






. . 17 


X 54 " . 






. . 16 


X 60 " 






. 14 


X 54 " 






. . 14 


X 60 " 






. . 13 


X 60 " . 






12 


X 70 " 






8 


X 80 " 






. . 6 


X 90 " 






. . 5 


xlOO" 






. . 4 



To find the number of plants required to set an acre, multiply 
together the two distances, in feet, at which the trees stand 
apart, and divide 43,560 by the product ; the quotient will be 
the number of plants required. 

Quincunx Planting. — To find the number of plants 
required to set an acre by the quincunx method, ascertain 
from the above tables the number required at the given rec- 
tangular distances, and then increase the number by one-half. 



6. Model Kitchen Garden. 
(TT. W. Tracy ; D. M. Ferry & Co.) 

It is important to have the garden so arranged that most of 
the work can be done by horse power. We can best point out 
the things to be considered in the arrangement by means of the 
accompanying diagram. The points gained by this plan are : 

First. — Ability to cultivate the ground. All but a strip 
seven and one-half feet wide between the beets and bush 
beans can be worked by any common one-horse cultivator. 



120 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



Second. — Placing those vegetables which may stay out all 
winter side by side, where they will not interfere with next 
season's plowing. 



6 ft. 


6ft. 


4 ft. 


4 ft. 


3 
ft. 


3 

ft. 


ft. 


ft. 


2| 
ft. 


4 ft. 


4 ft. 


4 ft. 


4 ft. 


6 ft. 


8 ft. 


8 ft. 


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1 



PLANTING-TABLES. 121 

Third. — Arranging the vegetables very nearly in the order in 
which they should be planted or set out in the spring. This 
would be nearly perfect, except in case of the cucumbers, if 
the late cabbage were to follow the tomatoes. 

Fourth. — Providing for easy rotation of crops by simply 
reversing (with the exception of the permanent row of aspara- 
gus and that of the parsnip and salsify) the plan. 

The number of rows of each vegetable, and the relative pro- 
portion of each, may be varied, according to the wants of the 
family, but the proportion given here will be found to suit most 
families who depend upon the garden for both winter and sum- 
mer vegetables. 

If necessary, the turning-ground at both ends may be filled 
with winter squashes, as they are planted so late and at such 
a distance apart that they would not seriously hinder the turn- 
ing of a steady horse with a careful driver. 

7. Self-Fertile and Self-Sterile Fruits. 

Some varieties of fruits are more or less completely unable 
to pollinate themselves, and they should be planted near other 
varieties to ensure fruitfulness. Any variety will fertilize any 
other variety of the same species, so far as known, if the bloom 
occurs at the same time. In general, in planting a self-sterile 
variety, every second or third row should be planted to some 
other variety. The subject is little understood, but the follow- 
ing lists represent the best of our knowledge. 

Pears (TfaiYe). 

Varieties more or less self-sterile. — Anjou, Bartlett, Bous- 
sock, Clairgeau, Clapp, Columbia, De la Chene, Doyenne 
Sieulle, Easter, Gansels Bergamotte, Gray Doyenne, Howell, 
Jones, Lawrence, Louise Bonne, Mount Vernon, Pound, Shel- 
don, Souvenir du Congress, Superfin, Colonel Wilder, Winter 
Nelis. 

Varieties generally self-fertile. — Angouleme, Bosc, Brock- 
worth, Buffum, Diel, Doyenne d'Alen9on, Flemish Beauty, 



122 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Heathcote, Kieffer, Le Coiite, Manning Elizabeth, Seckel, 
Tyson, White Doyenne. 

Apples (Waite and Fairchild). 

Varieties more or less self-sterile. — Bellfleur, Chenango 
(Strawberry), Gravenstein, King, Northern Spy, Norton 
Melon, Primate, Rambo, Red Astrachan, Roxbury Russet, 
Spitzenburgh, Talman Sweet. 

Varieties mostly self-fertile. — Baldwin, Codlin, Greening. 

" The varieties of apples are more inclined to be sterile to their 
own pollen than the pears. With the former, in the great majority 
of cases, no fruit resulted from self-pollination. The results as a 
rule, however, were less clear-cut than in the pear, because, with 
most of the self-sterile varieties, an occasional fruit will set under 
self-pollination, and none of the varieties were very completely self- 
fertile." — Waite. 

Other Fruits. 

" The quince seems to fruit nearly as well with its own pollen as 
with that of another variety." — Waite. 

Many of the native plums are notoriously self-sterile, par- 
ticularly Wild Goose. Other self-sterile varieties are Miner, 
Wazata, Minnetonka, Itaska. Varieties more or less self- 
fertile are Moreman, Newman, Wayland, Golden Beauty, 
Marianna, Deep Creek, Purple Yosemite. 

Strawberries often lack stamens altogether, whilst others, 
like Crescent, have so few and so poor stamens that they are 
practically self-sterile. Ordinarily, there should be a row of a 
perfect-flowered variety for every two rows of a pistillate or 
infertile variety. 

Grapes (Beach). 

Unfruitful when planted by themselves. — Black Eagle, 
Brighton, Eumelan, Massasoit, Wilder, Rogers' No. 5, Gaert- 
ner, Merrimac, Requa, Aminia, Essex, Barry, Herbert, Salem. 

Able to set fruit of themselves. — Concord, Diamond, Niagara, 
Winchell or Green Mountain, Rogers' Nos. 13, 24, and 32, Aga- 
wam, Delaware. 



CHAPTER XI. 



MATURITIES, YIELDS, AND MULTIPLICATION. 

I. Time required for Maturity of Different Garden Crops, 

reckoned from the Sowing of the Seeds. 

Beans, String 45- 65 datys from seed. 

" Shell 65-70 

Beets, Turnip 65 

" Long Blood 150 

Cabbage, Early 105 

" Late 150 

Cauliflower 110 

Corn 75 

Egg-plant 150-160 

Lettuce 65 

Melon, Water 120-140 

" Musk 120-140 

Onion 135-150 

Pepper 140-150 

Radish 30-45 

Squash, Summer 60- 65 

" Winter 125 

Tomatoes 150 

Turnips 60-70 



2. Time required, from Setting, for Fruit-Plants to bear. 
(For northern and central latitudes.) 

Apple — 3 years. Good crop in about 10 years. 
Blackberry — 1 year. Good crops in 2 and 3 years. 
Citrous fruits (oranges, lemons, etc.) — 2 to 3 years. Good 
crop in 2 or 3 years later. 

123 



124 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Cranberry — 3 years gives a fair crop. 
Currant — 1 year. Good crops in 2 and 3 years. 
Gooseberry — 1 year. Good crops in 2 and 3 years. 
Grape — Fair crop in 4 years. 
Peach — 2 years. Good crop in 4 and 5 years. 
Pear — 3 or 4 years. Fair crop in 6 to 12 years ; dwarfs in 
6 to 7 years. 
Persimmon, or Kaki — 1 to 3 years. 
Quince — 2 years. Good crop in 4 years. 
Raspberry — 1 year. Good crop in 2 and 3 years. 
Plum — 3 years. Good crop in 5 or 6 years. 
Strawberry — 1 year. Heaviest crop usually in 2 years. 

3. Average Profitable Longevity of Fruit-Plants under High 

Culture. 

Pear .... 50-75 years. 

Persimmon, or Kaki, as long 
as an apple tree. 

Plum .... 20-25 years. 
Orange and Lemon, 50 or more. Raspberry . . 6-12 " 
Peach .... 8-12 years. Strawberry . . 1-3 " 

When serious trouble from diseases is to be apprehended, 
the plantation may be brought into early fruiting and then 
destroyed before the disease makes great headway. This is 
particularly applicable to blackberries, raspberries, and straw- 
berries. 

4. Average Full Yields per Acre of Various Crops. 

The yields of those crops in which the salable products are 
equal in number to the number of plants per acre, and in which 
the product is sold by the piece, are to be calculated from the 
planting-tables in Chap. X. — such as cabbage, celery, and 
the like. 

Apples — A tree 20 to 30 years old may be expected to yield 
from 25 to 40 bushels every alternate year. 



Apple . . . 


. 25-40 years, 


Blackberry . 


. 6-12 " 


Currant . . 


20 " 


Gooseberry . 


20 " 



MATCTRITIES, YIELDS, AND MULTIPLICATION. 125 

Artichoke — 200 to 300 bushels. 

Beans, Green or Snap — 75 to 120 bushels. 
" Lima — 75 to 100 bushels of dry beans. 

Beets — 400 to 700 bushels. 

Carrots — 400 to 700 bushels. 

Corn — 50 to 75 bushels, shelled. 

Cranberry — 100 to 300 bushels. 900 bushels have been re- 
ported. 

Cucumber — About 150,000 fruits per acre. 

Currant — 100 bushels. 

Egg-plant — 1 or 2 large fruits to the plant for the large sorts 
like New York Purple, and from 3 to 8 fruits for the smaller 
varieties. 

Gooseberry — 100 bushels. 

Grape — 3 to 5 tons. Good raisin vineyards in California, 15 
years old, will produce from 10 to 12 tons. 

Horseradish — 3 to 5 tons. 

Kohlrabi — 500 to 1000 bushels. 

Onion, from seed — 300 to 800 bushels. 600 bushels is a large 
average yield. 

Parsnips — 500 to 800 bushels. 

Pea, green in pod — 100 to 150 bushels. 

Peach — In full bearing, a peach tree should produce from 5 
to 10 bushels. 

Pear — A tree 20 to 25 years old should give from 25 to 45 
bushels. 

Pepper — 30,000 to 50,000 fruits. 

Plimi — 5 to 8 bushels may be considered an average crop for 
an average tree. 

Potato — 100 to 300 bushels. 

Quince — 100 to 300 bushels. 

Raspberry and Blackberry — 50 to 100 bushels. 

Salsify — 200 to 300 bushels. 

Spinage — 200 barrels. 

Strawberry — 75 to 250 or even 300 bushels. 

Tomato — 8 to 16 tons. 

Turnip— 600 to 1000 bushels. 



126 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 























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MATURITIES, YIELDS, AND MULTIPLICATION. 127 

6. Particular Methods by which Various Fruits are multiplied. 

Barberry Cuttings of mature wood ; seeds. 

Orange . . . . . Seeds ; seedlings budded or grafted. 

Figs Cuttings, either of soft or mature wood. 

Mulberry Cuttings of mature wood. Some varieties 

are root-grafted, and some are budded. 

Olive Cuttings of mature or even old wood. 

Chips from the trunks of old trees 
are sometimes used. 

Pomegranate . . . Cuttings, layers, and seeds. 

Apple and Pear . . . Seeds ; seedlings budded or grafted. 

Peach and other stone-fruits — 

Seeds ; seedlings budded. Peach trees 
are sold at one year from the bud, but 
other stone-fruit trees are planted 
when two or three years old. 

Quince Cuttings, usually ; the cuttings often 

grafted. 

Grape Cuttings of from one to three buds ; 

layers. 

Currant and Gooseberry — 

Cuttings. 

Raspberries, red . . Suckers from the root ; root-cuttings. 
" black . . Layers from tips of canes ; root-cuttings. 

Blackberry .... Root-cuttings^; suckers from the root. 

Dewberry Layers of tips of the canes ; root-cut- 
tings. 

Dwarf Juneberry . . Sprouts or suckers from the root. 

Cranberry .... Layers or divisions. 

Strawberry .... Runners ; tip-cuttings. 

7. Stocks used for Various Fruits. 

Almond Peach, hard-shelled almond, plum. 

Apple Common apple seedlings, Paradise and 

Doucin stocks, crab-apple and wild 

oral?. 



128 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Apricot . . . . . Apricot and peach in mild climates, and 

plum in severe ones. Marianna. . 

Cherry Mazzard stocks are preferred for stand- 
ards ; Mahal eb stocks are used for 
dwarfing. The wild pin-cherry 
{Prunus Pennsylvanica) is some- 
times used as stock in the North- 
west, on account of its hardiness. 
Seedlings of Morello cherries are 
also used there. 

Medlar Hawthorn, medlar, quince. 

Mulberry Seedlings of white and Russian mul- 
berry ; cuttings of Downing. 

Orange Seedlings ; Otaheite orange, shaddock ; 

Citrus trifoliata, particutarly for 
dwarfs. 

Peach and Nectarine . Peach. Plum is often used when dwarfs 

are wanted, or when the peach must 
be grown in a too severe climate or 
upon heavy soil. 

Pear Pear (seedlings of common pear and 

the Chinese type). Quince (rarely 
mountain ash, or thorn) for dwarfs. 
Apple temporarily. 

Persimmon, Japanese . Native persimmon. 

Plum Plum, myrobalan plum, peach ; Mari- 
anna. 

Quince The finer varieties are sometimes grafted 

upon strong-growing kinds like the 
Angers. When cuttings are difficult 
to root, they are sometimes grafted 
upon apple roots, the foster-root 
being removed upon transplanting, 
if it does not fall away of itself. 



CHAPTER XII. 

COMPUTATION TABLES. 

I. Tables op Customary Weights and Measures. 

I. Avoirdupois or Commercial Weight. 

27 H grains = 1 dram. 

16 drams =1 ounce. 

10 omices =1 pound. 

25 pounds =1 quarter. 

4 quarters, or 100 pounds . . . . = 1 luuid red weight. 

20 hundredweight, or 2000 lbs. . . . = 1 ton. 

480 pounds =1 imperial quarter 

100 pounds is also called 1 cental. 

t. cwt. 11). oz. dr. gr. 

1 = 20 = 2000 = 32,000 = 512000 
1 = 100 = 1,600 = 25600 

1 = 16 = 256 := 7000 
1 = 16 = 4375 

2. Troy or Jewelers' Weight. 

24 grains =1 pennyweight. 

20 pemiy weights =1 ounce. 

12 ounces =1 pound. 

ib. oz. pwt. pr. 

1 = 12 = 240 = 5760 

1 = 20 = 480 

1 = 24 

3. Apothecaries' Weight. 

20 grains =1 scruple. 

3 scrui)les =1 dram. 

K 129 



130 horticulturist's rule-book. 

8 drams =1 ounce. 

12 ounces =1 pound. 

lb. oz. dr, scr. gr. 

1 = 12 = 96 = 288 = 5760 

1 = 8 = 24 = 480 

1 = 3 = 60 

1= 20 

4. Table of Comparative Weights. 



Avoirdupois. 


Troy. 




A pothecaries. 


7000 gr. = 1 lb. 


5760 gr. = 1 lb. 


5760 gr. = 1 lb. 


lib.. = 


lAVibs. 


= 


IxVi lbs. 


or 144 lbs. = 


175 lbs. 


= 


175 lbs. 


1 oz. = 


Hi oz. 


= 


HI oz. 


or 192 oz. = 


175 oz. 


= 


175 oz. 



5. Dry Measure. 

2 pints =1 quart. 

8 quarts =1 peck. 

4 pecks =1 bushel. 

8 bushels (480 pounds) =1 quarter. 

36 bushels =1 chaldron. 

bu. pk. qt. i)t. 

1 = 4 = 32 = 64 

1 = 8 = 16 
1=2 

6. Liquid Measure. 

4 gills ,....= 1 pint. 

2 pints =1 quart. 

4 quarts =1 gallon. 

31 L gallons =1 barrel. 

2 barrels, or 63 gallons =1 hogshead. 

gal. qt. j.t. gi. 

1 = 4 = 8 = 32 

1=2= 8 

1= 4 



COMPUTATION TABLES. 131 

7. Apothecaries' Fluid Measure. 

60 minims =1 fluid dram. 

8 fluid drams =1 fluid ounce. 

16 fluid ounces =1 pint. 

8 pints =1 gallon. 

cong. o. f. 5. f. 3. ni. 

1 = 8 = 128 = 1024 = 61,440 

1 = 16 zz 128 = 7,680 

1 = 8 = 480 

1 = 60 
1 minim equals 1 drop of water. 

8. Line or Linear Measure. 

12 inches =1 foot. 

3 feet =1 yard. 

5 1 yards, or 16 1 feet =1 rod or pole. 

40 rods =1 furlong. 

8 furlongs (320 rods) =1 mile (statute mile). 

3 miles =1 league. 

1. mi. fur. rd. yd. ft. in. 

1 = 3 = 24 = 960 = 5280 = 15,840 = 190,080 

1 = 8 = 320 = 1760 = 5,280 = 63,360 

1 = 40 = 220 = 660 = 7,920 

1 = 6| = 16^ = 198 

1 = 3 = 36 

1 = 12 

9. Surveyors' or Chain Measure. 

7.92 inches =1 link. 

25 links =1 rod or pole 

4 rods, or 66 feet =1 chain. 

80 chains =1 mile. 

mi. ch. rd. 1. in. 

1 = 80 = 320 = 8000 = 63,360 
1= 4= 100= 792 
1 = 25 = 198 

1 = 7.92 



132 horticulturist's rule-book. 

10. Square or Surface Measure. 

144 square inches =1 square foot. 

9 square feet ........= 1 square yard. 

30^ square yards = 1 sq. rod or perch. 

160 square rods =1 acre. 

640 acres = 1 sq. mile or section. 

sq.m. a. sq. rd. sq. yd. sq. ft. sq. in. 

1 = 640 = 102,400 = 3,097,600 = 27,878,400 = 4,014,489,600 

1= 160= 4,840 = 43,560 = 6,272,640 

1= 30^= 272^= 39,204 

1= 9 = 1,296 

1 = 144 

11. Surveyors' Square Measure. 

625 square links =1 square rod or pole. 

16 poles =1 square chain. 

10 square chains =1 acre. 

640 acres = 1 sq. mile or section. 

36 square miles (6 miles square) . . = 1 township. 

tp. sq. mi. a. sq. ch. sq. rd. sq. 1. 

1 = 36 = 23,040 = 230,400 = 3,686,400 = 2,304,000,000 

1= 640= 6,400= 102,400= 64,000,000 

1 = 10 = 160 = 100,000 

1 = 16 = 10,000 

1= 625 

12. Solid or Cubic Measure. 

1728 cubic inches =1 cubic foot. 

27 cubic feet =1 cubic yard. 

16 cubic feet =1 cord foot. 

8 cord feet, or 128 cubic feet " . . = 1 cord of wood. 
24| cubic feet =1 perch. 

cu.yd. cu.ft. cu. in. cd. cd. ft. cu. ft. en. in. 
1 = 27 = 46,656 = 1 = 8 = 128 = 221,184. 

13. Miscellaneous Measures. 

T^j of an inch = a line (American). 

^ of an inch = a line (French). 



COMPUTATION TABLES. 133 

\ of an inch = a size (of shoes). 

3 inches = a palm. 

4 inches = a hand. 

9 inches = a span. 

18 inches = a cubit. 

2| feet = a military pace. 

3 (or 3.3) feet = a pace. 

A wine gallon = 231 cubic inches. 

A dry gallon = 268.8 " 

An imperial gallon = 277.274 " 

An imperial or English bushel . . .=2,218.192 ♦' 

A U. S. bushel = 2,150.42 " 

A U. S. bushel heaped (heaped to a 

cone 6 inches high) =2,747.7 " 

1 pint of water weighs 1.0431 pounds. 

1 gallon of water weighs 8.3448 pounds. 

1 cubic foot of water weighs 62.425 pounds at 39.2° F. 

An English (statute) mile is 1760 yards. 

A Scotch mile is 1984 

An Irish mile is 2249 

A Dutch mile is 8101 

A Roman mile is 1628 

A German mile is 6859 

A Russian mile is 1100 

An Arabian mile is 2148 

A sea (nautical) mile is 2026 

1 tael (Chinese) is . . 1^ oz. avoir. 

1 Danish pound is 1.102 lb. avoir. 

1 Russian pound is 9 " 

1 libra (Spanish) is 1.014 " 

100 pounds nails =1 keg. 

196 pounds flour =1 barrel. 

150 pounds potatoes =1 barrel of freight 

14. Approximate value of household measures : 

45 drops of water is a teaspoon ful. 
1 teaspoonf ul equals 1 fluid dram. 



134 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE -BOOK. 



1 dessertspoonful equals 2 teaspoonfuls, or 2 drams. 

1 tablespoonful equals 2 dessertspoonfuls, or 4 teaspoonfuls. 

2 tablespoonfuls equal 8 teaspoonfuls, or 1 fluid ounce. 
1 common-size wineglassf ul equals 2 ounces, or i gill. 
1 common-size tumbler holds ^ pint. 

A small tea-cup is estimated to hold 4 fluid ounces, or 1 gill. 

1 pound of wheat is equal to about 1 pint. 

1 pound and 2 ounces of Indian meal is equal to 1 quart. 

1 pound of soft butter is equal to about 1 pint. 

1 pound of sugar is equal to about 1 pint. 

A pint of pure water is about a pound. 



II. Metric Weights and Measures. 
15. Weight. 





Number of 


Equivalents in Denominations 




Grams. 


OF Avoirdupois Weigut. 


Millier or Tonneau, 


1,000,000 


2204.6 pounds. 


Quintal, 


100,000 


220.46 pounds. 


Myriagram, 


10,000 


22.046 pounds. 


Kilogram or Kilo, 


1,000 


2.2046 pounds. 


Hectogram, 


100 


3.5274 ounces. 


Dekagram, 


10 


0.3527 ounce. 


Gram, 


1 


15.432 grains. 


Decigram, 


1^ 


1.5432 grains. 


Centigram, 


Too 


0.1543 grain. 


Milligram, 


TSOS 


0.0154 grain. 



1 gram is the weight of 1 cubic centimeter of distilled water 
at its maximum density (39.1° Fahr.) in a vacuum. As a 
matter of fact, however, the gram now in use is the one- 
thousandth part of the weight of a kilogram of platinum, which 
was deposited in the Palace of the Archives in Paris, in 1799, 
by the international commission, which was appointed to fix 
the standards of what is now known as the metric system. 



COMPUTATION TABLES. 



135 



1 6. Capacity. 



Naiukh. 


Number 

OF 

Liters. 


Equivalents in Dry 
Measure. 


Equivalents in 

Liquid or 
Wine Measure. 


Kiloliter or Stere, 


1,000 


1.308 cubic yards. 


264.17 gallons. 


Hectoliter, 


100 


2 bush, and 3.35 pecks. 


26.417 gallons. 


Dekaliter, 


10 


9.08 quarts. 


2.6417 gallons. 


Liter, 


1 


0.908 quart. 


1.0567 quarts. 


Deciliter, 


iV 


6.1022 cubic inches. 


0.845 gill. 


Centiliter, 


liv 


0.6102 cubic inch. 


0.338 fluid oz. 


Milliliter, 


r^oxf 


0.061 cubic inch. 


0.27 fluid dr. 



1 liter is equivalent to 1 cubic decimeter. 
17. Length. 



Equivalents in Denominations in 
Use. 



Myriameter, 

Kilometer, 

Hectometer,' 

Dekameter, 

Meter, 

Decimeter, 

Centimeter, 

Millimeter, 



10,000 meters. 
1,000 meters. 
100 meters. 
10 meters. 
1 meter. 
tS of a meter, 
lin of a meter. 
T0S5 of a meter. 



6.2137 miles. 

0.62137 mile, or 3.280 ft. 10 in. 



328 

393.7 
39.37 
3.937 
0.3937 
0.0397 



ft. 1 in. 

inches. 

inches. 

inches. 

inch. 

inch. 



Surface. 



Hectare, 10,000 square meters. 
Are, 100 square meters. 

Centare, 1 square meter. 



2.471 acres. 
119.6 square yards. 
1550 square inches. 



136 



HORTICULTURIST''S RULE-BOOK. 



1 8. Cubic Measure. 

Myriaster 10,000 cu. meters. 

Kiloster ........ 1,000 cu. meters. 

Hectoster 100 cu. meters. 

Decaster 10 cu. meters. 

Ster . . t 1 cu. meter. 

Decister yV ^^* i^aeter. 

Centister ji^ cu. meter. 

Minister yJ^^ cu. meter. 

- The word ster is seldom used. The names of solid measures 
are commonly made by adding cubic to the denominations of 
linear measure ; as cubic meter, cubic decimeter, and the like. 



ig. Equivalents of Common Measures in Metric Terms. 



LENGTH. 
Approxim ately . 
1 inch is 2\ centimeters 

1 foot " 0.3 of meter 

1 yard " 0.9 " 

1 rod " 5 meters 

1 chain " 20 " 

1 furlong " 200 '' 
Imile *' 1600 " 



Exactly. 

(2.54) 

(.3048) 

(.9144) 

(5.029) 

(20.117) 

(201.17) 

(1609.3) 



AREA. 



1 sq. inch 
1 sq. foot 
1 sq. yard 
1 sq. rod 
1 rood 
1 acre 
1 sq. mile 



IS 



6i 



sq. centimeters (6.451) 

0.09 of sq. meter (.0929) 

0.83 " " (.8361) 

25 sq. meters (25.29) 

1000 " " (1011.7) 

0.4 of hectare (.4047) 

258 hectares (258.99) 



1 cubic inch is 16i 
1 cubic foot " 0.028 



BULK. 

cubic centimeters 
of cubic meter . . 



(16.387) 
(.028316) 



COMPUTATION TABLES. 



137 



1 cubic yard 
100 cubic feet 
1 M board meas. 
1 cord 



IS 



lU. 
1 " 

1 " 
1 peck 
1 bushel 



liq. pint 
quart 
gallon 



0.76 
2.8 

2i 
3.6 
0.47 
0.9 
3.7 
9 
36 



of cubic meter 
cubic meters 



of liter 



liters 



(U.S. 8.81 
(U. S. 35.24 



(.7645) 
(2.8316) 
(2.36) 
(3.624) 
(.473) 
(.946) 
(3.785) 
Eng. 9.08) 
Eng. 36.35) 



1 grain 

1 troy oz. 

1 avoir, oz. 

1 avoir, pound 
60 lbs. (wheat bu.) 
80 lbs. (coalbu.) 

1 cental 
112 lbs. (cwt.) 

1 net ton 

1 gross ton 



WEIGHT. 

is 0.06| of gram (.0648) 

31 grams (31.103) 

28 " (28.35) 

0.45 of kilo (.4536) 

27 kilos (27.216) 

36 " (36.287) 

45 " (45.36) 

50 " (50.8) 

0.9 metric ton .... (.9072) 

1 " " . . . . (1.016) 



III. Monet Tables. 
2o. English Money. 

4 farthings (qr.) = 1 penny (tZ.) . 

12 pence =1 shilling (s.). 

20 shillings =1 pound or sovereign (£). 

21 shillings =1 guinea (g.). 

£. s. d. qr. 

1 = 20 = 240 = 960 
1 = 12 = 48 
1= 4 
1 pound is about $4.86. 



138 horticulturist's rule-book. 



21. French Money. 

10 millimes (w.) = 1 centime (c). 

10 centimes =1 decime (d.). 

10 decimes =1 franc (/r.). 

fr. d. c. in. 

1 = 10 = 100 = 1000 
1 = 10 = 100 
1= 10 
1 franc is nearly 20 (19.3) cents, 

22. German Money. 

100 pfennige (pf.) =1 mark (^BM.). 

A mark is about 24 cents. 

23. Dutch Money. 

100 cents =1 florin or guilder. 

A florin is 40 cents. 

24. Italian Money. 

100 centesimi =1 lira. 

A lira is nearly 20 (19.3) cents. 

25. Spanish Money. 

100 centimos =1 peseta. 

1 peseta is nearly 20 (19.3) cents. 

26. Russian Money. 

100 copecks =1 rouble. 

A rouble is about 54 cents. 

27. Austrian Money. 

100 kreutzer =1 florin. 

A florin is about 33 cents. 



COMPUTATION TABLES. 



139 



28. Money Table. {Baedeker.) 



English. 


Dutch. 


Fkknc 


11 AM) 


German. 


American. 










Bf.i.i 


;iA.N. 










£. 


8. 


(1. 


florin. 


cent. 


franc 


cent. 


mark. 


pfg. 


dollar. 


cent. 


1 






12 




25 




20 




4 


76 




19 




11 


40 


23 


75 


19 




4 


53 




18 




10 


80 


22 


50 


18 




4 


29 




17 




10 


20 


21 


25 


17 




4 


5 




16 




9 


60 


20 




16 




3 


81 




15 




9 




18 


75 


15 




3 


57 




14 




8 


40 


17 


50 


14 




3 


34 




13 




7 


80 


16 


25 


13 




3 


10 




12 




7 


20 


15 




12 




2 


80 




11 




6 


60 


13 


75 


11 




2 


62 




10 




6 




12 


50 


10 




2 


38 




9 




5 


40 


11 


25 


9 




2 


14 




8 




4 


80 


10 




8 




1 


91 




7 




4 


20 


8 


75 


7 




1 


67 




6 




3 


60 


7 


50 


6 




1 


43 




5 




3 




6 


25 


5 




1 


' 19 




4 




2 


40 


5 




4 




_ 


95 




3 




1 


80 


3 


75 


3 






71 




2 




1 


20 


2 


50 


2 






48 




1 


H 


1 




2 


15 


1 


70 




41 




1 


7 




96 


2 




1 


60 




38 




1 


I' 

8 
7 
6 
5 
4 
3 
2 
1 




60 
48 
45 
40 
35 
30 
25 
20 
15 
10 
5 


1 
1 


25 

94 
83 
73 
62 
52 
42 
31 
21 
10 


1 


80 
75 
66 
58 
50 
41 
33 
25 
16 
8 




24 

19 

18 

16 

14 

12 

10 

8 



4 

2 



140 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



IV. Legal and Standard Measures op the Various States 
(Corrected to the Close op 1894). 

29. Legal or Customary Weights of a Bushel of Produce in 
Various States. 



States. 



Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticnt 

Delaware 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. .. 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina. . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania . . . . 
Riiode Island. . . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia. . . 

Wisconsin 

Washington 



48 



24 



44 



48 



50 



24 



24 



25 



22 



50 24 



3 ! •" 



60 52 

.I40 
60 I 52 
60 48 



46 



60 



«)0 ; 52 

()0 1 .52 
60 ' 50 
60 52 
()0 50 
()0 56 



60 



46 



60,48 
60 48 
60 48 
60 48 
42 
52 
..|42 
60 1 52 
()0 ! . . 
60 .. 
60 1 50 
62i48 
50 
50 
42 
48 



60 



60 



281 

25 1 
28, 



(50 50 
60 1 42 
()2 48 
60 52 
60 52 
60150 
..42 



70 
70 
68 
70 
70 
70* 



70 
70 

70 
68 



70 
70 



57 



52 
5(> 
57 
54 

57 
57 

56 1 57 

56 1.. 

5(5 i . . 

56 1 57 

58 

56 

5(5 

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

5(5 

56 

56 

56 

56 



50 



0M 



48 



50 



(50 



50 



54 



50 



(50 



60 



60 



(50 



60 



(50 



57 



50 



50 



14 



14 



60 



(50 
(50 
(50 

60 
60 
60 
60 

60 
60 
(50 
(50 
60 
(50 
(50 
60 
60 
60 
60 



60 



(30 
(50 (50 
(50 



60 
(50 
60 
(50 
60 

06 



* TO pounds from Nov. 1 to May 1 ; 68 pounds May 1 to Nov. 1. 



COMPUTATION TABLES. 141 



30. Miscellaneous Legal Weights per Bushel. 

Beets, Mangels, and Ruta Bagas : 60 pounds in Maine, 
Vermont, Connecticut ; 56 in Wisconsin ; 50 in Missouri. Car- 
rots : 60 pounds in Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Wisconsin, 
Missouri, Montana ; 55 in Connecticut. Parsnips : 45 pounds 
in Connecticut ; 44 in Wisconsin, Missouri ; 50 in Montana ; 
55 in Indiana. Bottom Onion Sets, 36 pounds in Kentucky. 
Rice Corn, 56 pounds in Kansas. Berries, 32 pounds in 
Rliode Island, Cherries, Grapes, Currants, Gooseberries, 
40 pounds in Iowa. Blackberries, Strawberries, Rasp- 
berries, 32 pounds in Iowa. Peaches, Quinces, 48 pounds 
in Iowa. Dried Peaches : 33 pounds in Massachusetts ; 
39 in Kentucky. Dried Plums, 28 pounds in Michigan. 
Cranberries, 40 pounds in Michigan. " Wild Peaches," 33 
pounds in Ohio. In the Dakota s, a bushel of wlieat is 60 
pounds ; corn, 56 pounds ; buckwheat, 42 pounds ; onions, 52 
pounds ; potatoes, 60 pounds ; turnips, 60 pounds ; sweet pota- 
toes, 46 pounds. In Rhode Island, AViscoxsin, Washington, 
and Montana, a bushel of Root Crops is 50 pounds. 

31. Miscellaneous Legal Sizes. 

The heap bushel contains 2564 cubic inches in Connecticut 
and Kansas ; 2150.42 inches in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Nebraska, Tennessee, Missouri, Washington. 

The bushel measure must be 19 1^ inches in outside diameter, 
the half-bushel lb\ inches, the peck 12 1^ inches, in New York 
and California. 

The bushel measure must be 18 1^ inches in inside diameter, 
the half-bushel 13| inches, the peck 10| inches, and the half- 
peck 9 inches, in New Hampshire and Minnesota. 

Produce sold by dry measure must be heaped as full as the 
measure will hold in Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Min- 
nesota, California, Oregon, and Wasliington. 

Heap measures must be cylindrical, with a plane bottom, in 
New York and California, 



142 horticulturist's rule-book. 

The half-bushel is 13 |f inches in interior diameter and 
7^^ inches deep in Ohio. It contains 1075^ cubic inches in 
Indiana. 

In New Jersey the cranberry box, to hold a bushel, must be 
12 X 8| X 22 inches in the clear. 

In Wisconsin, cranberry packages must conform to the fol- 
lowing sizes: "The legal and standard cranberry barrel in 
this State shall be twenty-three and three-quarters inches high, 
sixteen and one-fourth inches in diameter at the head, and 
eighteen inches in diameter at the bilge, inside measure. 
Every manufacturer of barrels for cranberries shall stamp or 
brand his name with the letters W. S. on such barrels, to indi- 
cate that they are the Wisconsin Standard in size. All sales of 
cranberries in packages less than a barrel should be by the 
bushel or quart, struck or level dry measure. A standard 
bushel crate for cranberries shall be twenty-two inches long, 
twelve and one-fourth inches wide by seven and one-half inches 
deep, inside measure." 

In New York a barrel of apples, quinces, pears, or potatoes 
shall contain 100 quarts of grain or dry measure, except that 
potatoes, when sold by weight, shall be 172 pounds to the barrel. 

In New York the measure for fruit shall be the half-bushel, 
which shall be made cylindrical, the diameter outside to out- 
side 15^ inches. The standard half-bushel has 1075rVo cubic 
inches. 

In Michigan the quantity known as a box or a basket of 
peaches shall contain 716* cubic inches or i of a bushel, strict 
measure. 

Michigan Standard Measure. —The half-bushel or parts 
thereof shall be the standard measure for fruits customarily 
sold by heaped measure ; and in measuring said commodities, 
the half-bushel or other small measure shall be heaped as high 
as may be, without special effort or design. 

Michigan Standard Barrel. —A barrel of fruit, roots, or 
vegetables is the quantity contained in a barrel made from 
staves 27 inches in length, and each head 16| inches in diam- 
eter, or ordinary flour-barrel size. 



COMPUTATION TABLES. 143 

In Maine a barrel of potatoes is 165 pounds. 

In Tennessee a barrel of apples contains 2| bushels, A 
liquid barrel contains 42 gallons. 

In Wisconsin a barrel of apples shall contain 100 quarts dry- 
measure. 

The avoirdupois pound bears to the troy pound the relation 
of 7000 to 5760 in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, Iowa, Nebraska, Tennessee, and California. 

In Ohio and Rhode Island, standard dry measure shall be 
used for berries and other small fruits. 

The New Jersey standard legal peach basket is 16 quarts. 
Height, 12^ inches. Width across top, 13^ inches. Inside 
measurement, 1075.1 cubic inches. Shall be marked "Stan- 
dard, N. J.," in Roman letters upon the staves just below the 
rim, either burned in or painted in permanent red paint, and 
each letter shall be not less than 1 inch in length and ^ inch in 
width. (Laws of 1892.) 

V. Society and Customary Standards. 
32. Fruit Packages in Florida and Georgia. 

The standard orange box adopted by the Florida Fruit Ex- 
change measures 12 x 12 x 26| inches, with partition in the 
middle. The Exchange issues the following instructions : 

We recommend the following classifications for oranges: 
Fancy, Choice Bright, Bright Russet, Choice Russet, Russet. 

Oranges classed as Fancy should be extra-bright, with very 
smooth, thin skin. Rough, thick-skinned fruit, being ever so 
bright, should never be classed as Fancy. 

Oranges classed as Choice Bright should be strictly bright 
and fairly smooth skin, and of desirable size. 

Oranges classed as Bright should be bright, and free from rust. 

Oranges classed as Bright Russet should be at least two-thirds 
bright, with smooth skin and of desirable size. 

Oranges classed as Choice Russet should be of quite smooth 
skin and of desirable size. 



144 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Oranges of a common dark variety should be classed as 
Russpt. 

Never pack bright and rusty oranges in the same box. Never 
pack large and small oranges in the same box. 

One of the most important features in the packing of oranges 
is the uniform neatness of the packages. Buyers will pay more 
for fruit that is neatly and properly packed than they will pay 
for such as is carelessly put up. A box of oranges neatly packed, 
strapped, and marked, naturally attracts the attention of buyers. 

After your fruit has been carefully packed in accordance with 
above instructions, please mark the boxes as follows : 

Place the stencil of the Florida Fruit Exchange on one end of 
the box in centre of head. 

In the upper left-hand corner of the box-head stencil the 
quality of orange the box contains — Fancy ^ Choice Bright^ 
Bright^ Bright Busset, Choice Busset, Busset, Mandarin, 
Tangerine, or Navel, as the case may be. 

In the upper middle of the box-head stencil the number of 
oranges the box contains — "128," "176," "200," as the case 
may be. 

In the upper right-hand corner stencil the letters according to 
the following schedule . 

All sizes under 128, mark A. 
Sizes 128 to 138, mark B. 
Sizes 146 to 160, mark C. 
Sizes 176 to 200, mark D. 
All sizes over 200, mark E. 

The Georgia Horticultural Society adopts the one-third bushel 
oblong crate for peaches and similar fruits. The dimensions of 
this crate are about 8 x 12^ x 22 inches. 

33. California. Sizes in Common Use for Local Markets. 

(WicJcson.) 

Apple and Pear. — Top, bottom, and sides of J-inch and ends 
of |-inch stuff. The length is 22 inches ; ends 10 by 12 inches. 
This is called a 50-pound box, but it contains less weight. 



COMPUTATION TABLES. 145 

Cherry. — 15 J inches in length ; ends 8} by 3]. 

Fig. — The two-layer fig box is 20 inches long; ends 2 by 
3] inches, and holds about 20 pounds. The single layer is the 
same length and width, but 2 inches deep, and holds about 12 
pounds. 

Grapes. — The same as that used for plums in distant ship- 
ment, except that the depth is usually 5 inches, and the con- 
tents about 25 pounds of fruit. Grapes are also shipped in 
4-pound splint baskets, of which 4 go in a half crate, or 8 in a 
whole crate. 

Melons. — Cantaloupe crates^38 inches long, 16 inches wide, 
and 15 inches deep. Watermelons come in bulk in cars, or in 
large cases of all descriptions. 

Oranges. — Flat boxes 22 inches long, ends 7| by 17^ inches. 
It is divided into two parts by a central partition. The pre- 
vailing orange box at present is about 26^ inches long, ends 
11^ inches square, with a central partition. 

Small Fruits. — Chests or crates which contain 10, 15, or 20 
drawers. The drawers are 15^ inches long, ends 8^ by 1} 
inches. The sizes have been constantly decreasing. The old 
drawers held 5 pounds of strawberries ; the present weight is 
about 4 pounds. 

Packages for Dried Fruits. — 25-pound box: Inside 
measurements — length, 13| inches; width, 9| inches; depth, 
5i| inches. Outside measurements — length, 15|^ inches ; width, 
10 [ inches ; depth, 6^ inches; top, bottom, and sides, | of an 
inch thick ; ends, i| of an inch thick. 

A More Flat Package: Inside measurements — length, 16 
Inches ; width, 9 inches ; depth, 5 inches. Outside measure- 
ments — length, 17J inches; width, 9| inches; depth, 5| 
inches ; top, bottom, and sides, | of an inch thick ; ends, | of 
an inch thick. 

Fifty-Pound Box ; Inside measurements — length, 15 J inches ; 
width, 9 inches ; depth, 9 inches. Outside measurements — 
length, 17^ inches; width, 10 inches ; depth, 10 inches ;" top, 
bottom, and sides, h inch thick ; ends, 1 inch thick. 

Sacks for Dried Fruit. — White cotton sacks, made of what 

L 



146 horticulturist's rule-book. 

is called heavy export goods, are used for shipment of dried fruits. 
They are 20 by 36 inches, and hold about 80 pounds of fruit. 

Raisins. — 20-pound raisin box, 19| inches long, ends 9 by*4| 
inches. Half box, same length and width, depth, 2| inches. 
Quarter box, same length and width ; depth, 1^ inches. Eighth 
box, 15| inches long, ends 6 by 1| inches. 

34. California Packages for Eastern Shipment as adopted by 
the Fruit Union of that State. 

The ends of all boxes should be made of |-inch stuff, and all 
cleats of |-inch stuff. The sides, tops, and bottoms of cherry 
boxes should be ^-inch stuff : the sides made of two strips, each 
of |-inch stuff and | of an inch in width. Peach, pear, and 
plum boxes should be made of j^-inch stuff. All the lumber 
used should be dressed as smooth as possible. 

Cherry boxes, capacity 10 pounds. Outside measurements — 
18 inches in length, 10 1- inches in width, 3 inches in depth. 
Inside measurements — length, 16^ inches; width, 10 1 inches; 
depth, 2 1 inches. 

Plum boxes, capacity 20 pounds. Outside measurements — 
19| inches in length, 12 i inches in width, 4| inches in depth. 
Inside measurements — length, 8.^ inches; width, 11| inches; 
depth, 4 inches. 

There are 4 sizes of peach and apricot boxes : 

First, capacity 22 pounds. Outside measurements — 19| 
inches in length, 12i inches in width, 4| inches in depth. Inside 
measurements — length, 18| inches ; width, 11| inches; depth, 
4 1 inches. 

Second, capacity 25 pounds. Outside measurements — 19| 
inches in length, 12 1^ inches in width, 5^ inches in depth. Inside 
measurements — length, 18^ inches ; width, 11| inches; depth, 
4 J inches. 

Third, capacity 27 pounds. Outside measurements — 19| 
inches in length, 12|^ inches in width, 5| inches in depth. Inside 
measurements — length, 18^ inches ; width, llf inches ; depth, 
5 1 inches. 



COMPUTATION TABLES. 



147 



Fourth, capacity 30 pounds. Outside measurements — 19| 
inches in length, 12i inches in width, 6\ inches in depth. Inside 
measurements — length, 18^ inches ; width, 11| inches; depth, 
5 1 inches. 

Pear boxes, capacity 40 pounds. Outside measurements — 
19f inches in length, 12 i inches in width, 8|^ inches in depth. 
Inside measurements — length, 18^ inches; width, 11 1 inches; 
depth, 8^ inches. 

35. California Prunes. 

Prunes are graded by running them over screens of various 
degrees of coarseness. The meshes should be oblong, 2 inches 
or more in length for all the sizes, the widths varying as stated 
in the table below. The California French prunes are usually 
sorted in six sizes, by using the following methods : 





Grade. 




• Width of mesh for 
green prunes. 


Width of mesh foi 
dried prunes. 


Extras 


40 to 50 to pound 


. . . If inches . 


. 1^ inches 


No. 1, 


50 to 60 




. . . li " . 


• H " 


No. 2, 


60 to 70 




. . 11 " . 


. 1 


No. 3, 


70\.o 80 




. . 1 


• i " 


No. 4, 


80 to 90 




• . 1 " . 


• 1 " 


No. 5, 


90 to 100 




. • 1 " . 


• f " 



36. Covent Garden (London) Measures. 

Sea-kale Punnets. — 8 inches diameter at the top, 7^ inches 
at the bottom, and 2 inches deep. 

Radish Punnets. — 8 inches in diameter and 1 inch deep, if 
to hold 6 hands ; or 9 inches by 1 inch, if for 12 hands. 

Mushroom. — 7 inches by 1 inch. 

Salad Punnets. — 5 inches by 1 inch. 

Sieve. — Contains 7 imperial gallons. Diameter, 15 inches ; 
depth, 8 inches. A sieve of peas is equal to 1 bushel. A sieve 
of currants, 12 quarts. 

Half-sieve. — Contains 3i imperial gallons. It averages 12^ 
inches in diameter and 6 inches in depth. 



148 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Bushel Sieve — lOi imperial gallons. Diameter at top, 11 1 
inches ; at bottom, 17 inches ; depth, 11^ inches. 

•Bushel Basket ought, when heaped, to contain an imperial 
bushel. Diameter at bottom, 10 inches ; at top, 14 i inches ; 
depth, 17 inches. Walnuts, nuts, apples, and potatoes are sold 
by this measure. A bushel of the last named, cleansed, weighs 
66 pounds, but 4 pounds additional are allowed if they are not 
washed. 

A Junk contains | of a bushel. 

Pottle. — A long tapering basket that holds rather over z 
pint and a half. A pottle of strawberries should hold ^ a gallon, 
but never holds more than 1 quart. A pottle of mushrooms 
should weigh 1 pound. 

Hand applies to a bunch of radishes, which contains 12 to 30 
or more, according to the season. 

Bundle contains from 6 to 12 or 20 heads of broccoli, celery, 
etc. ; sea-kale, 12 to 18 heads ; rhubarb, 20 to 30 stems, according 
to size ; asparagus from 100 to 150. 

Grapes are put up in 2-pound and 4-pound punnets ; new 
potatoes by the London growers in 2-pound punnets. Apples 
and pears are put up in bushel sieves or half-sieves. A hundred- 
weight of Kentish filberts is 104 pounds. Weights are always 
16 ounces to the pound. 

Bunch. — -Radishes, 12 to 24 ; carrots, 12 and upwards ; tur- 
nips, 12 and upwards ; leeks, 6 and upwards. 

A Roll of celery contains 6, 8, to 12 heads or roots. 

A Score of lettuce or endive is 22. 

A Tally is 5 dozen. 

37. What constitutes Wholesale Quantities. 

The wholesale fruit-dealers of Washington, D.C., have 
adopted the following rules to govern the least quantities of 
fruits to be sold at wholesale rates : 

Bananas. — Not less than 1 bunch. 

Apples. — Not less than 1 barrel or box as received j no 
packages to be broken. 

Pineapples. — Not less than 25. 



COiMPUTATlON TABLES. 149 

Oranges. — Not less than 1 box ; no packages to be broken. 

Lemons. — Not less than 1 box ; no packages to be broken. 

Grapes of all kinds. — Not less than 5 baskets. 

Malaga Grapes. — By the keg only. 

Peaches. — Not less than 1 box or 1 bushel crate, or not 
less than 5 baskets ; no packages to be broken. If in half- 
bushel lots, not less than 2. 

Pears. — One box or barrel ; if in baskets, not less than 5. 

Watermelons. — Not less than 25. 

MusKMELONS. — Not Icss than 25. 

Strawberries and all Other Berries. — Not less than a 
32-quart crate, unless small quantity received. A 60-quart crate 
may be halved. An exception made with raspberries : not less 
than 15 quarts. In February and March, strawberries, not less 
than 15 quarts. 

VI. Miscellaneous Weights and Estimates. 

38. Weights of Various Varieties of Apples per Bushel. 

The following varieties, just from the trees in October, gave 
the following weights for a heaped bushel (Michigan) : 

Pounds. 

Baldwin 50 

Belmont 50 

Ben Davis 47 

Bunker Hill 49 

Cabashae 57 

Esopus Spitzenburgh . . 44 

Rambo 50 

Rhode Island Greening . 52 
Roxbury Russet .... 50 

Rubicon 46 

Stark 56 



Pounds. 

Fallawater 48 

Golden Russet .... 53 

Lawver 47 

Nickajack 51 

Northern Spy 46 

Pennock 47 

Swaar 51 

Sweet Bough 39 

Talman Sweet .... 48 
Tompkins King .... 44 
Yellow Bellefleur ... 46 



39. Dried Fruit and Cider. 

A bushel of average apples gives from 6 to 7|^ pounds of evap- 
orated product. Seven pounds to the bushel is a good average. 



150 hokticulturist's kule-book. 

Product of Dried Raspberries (W. J. Green). 



Ohio . . 


. 9 lbs. to the bu. 


Ada . . 


. 8^ lbs. to the bu. 


Gregg . 


. 8^ " " 


Tyler . . 


. 8^ " 


Hilborn . 


. 8^ " 


Shaffer . 


.8 " " 



In general, 3^ quarts (about 4 pounds) of fresh black-cap rasp- 
berries are required for a pound of marketable dried berries. 

A pound of dried peaches may be made from 4 or 5 pounds of 
fresh fruit, if the variety has a dry flesh ; but 6 or 7 pounds 
is often required. 

In California, 20 pounds of grapes produce 6 or 7 pounds of 
raisins. 

From 7 to 12 bushels of apples are required for a barrel of 
cider. 

40. Various Estimates. 

Raspberries contain from 1^ to 3 pounds of seeds to the 
bushel. 

A pint of garden blackberries weighs about one pound. 

Good clusters of American grapes weigh on an average from 
one-half to three-fourths pound, while extra-good clusters will 
reach a pound and a half. Clusters have been reported which 
weighed two pounds. 

A bushel of sweet-corn ears, "in the milk," with the husks 
which come from it, weighs from 50 to 70 pounds. 

There are about 5000 honey-bees in a pound. 

Watermelons are usually sorted into three grades. Of the 
largest size, about 6 melons are placed in a barrel. Of medium 
size, about 8 (4 melons in each of two layers), and of the 
smallest size, 10 to 12. A truck-load of melons comprises 
about 200 fair-sized fruits. A car-load numbers from 1000 to 
1500. 

Cocoanuts are packed for shipment in bags which hold 100. 

" Ekimis " branded upon boxes of Smyrna figs means A. No. 1, 
or Superior Selected. "Eleme" means Selected, the second 
grade. 

To find the bushels of apples, potatoes, shelled com, etc., 



COMPUTATION TABLES. 



151 



in bins, divide the cubic contents in inches by 2747.7 (the 
cubic inches iu a heaped bushel). If the corn is in the ear, 
deduct one-third from the result. 

To find the tons of hay in a mow or stack, divide the cubic 
contents by about 510, if the hay is not well settled ; or by 
about 460, if the hay is well packed. 



VII. Capacities op Pipes and Tanks. 
41. Quantity of Water held by Pipes of Various Sizes. 



Diameter of 
Bore. 

nches. 



n 



3 
4 
5 
6 



Contents of 100 Feet 
in Length. 



.84 ga 

3.39 

7.64 

13.58 

21.22 

30.56 

54.33 

84.90 

122.26 



Ions. 



42. Number of Gallons in Circular Tanks and Wells. 

To find the contents in gallons of circular tanks, etc., square 
the diameter in feet, multiply by the depth, and then multiply 
by 5.875. 

GALLONS WHEN^THB DEPTH 18 



eter. 


8 ft. 4 ft. 5 ft. 6 ft. 7 ft. 8 ft, 9 ft. 10 ft. lift. 


12 ft. 


4 ft. 


282.00 376.00 470.00 564.00 658.00 752.00 846.00 940.00 1034.00 


1128.00 


5" 


440.63 587.50 734.38 881.25 1028.13 1175.00 1321.89 1468.76 1615.63 


1762.50 


6" 


634.50 846.90 1057.50 1269.00 1480.50 1692.00 1903.50 2115.00 2326.50 


2538.00 


7" 


863.63 1151.50 1439.38 1727.25 2015.13 2303.00 2590.89 2878.76 3166.63 


3454.50 


8" 


1128.00 1504.00 1880.00 2256.00 2632.00 8008.00 338jt.00 3760.00 4136.00 


4512.00 


9" 


1427.63 1903.50 2379.38 2855.26 3331.13 3806.00 4282.89 4758.76 5234.63 


5710.52 


10" 


1762.52 2350.00 2937.52 3525.00 4112.52 4700.00 5287.56 5875.04 6461.52 


7050.00 


11 " 


2132.63 2843.50 3554.38 4265.26 4976.12 5687.00 6397.89 7108.76 7819.43 


8530.52 


12" 


2538.00 3384.00 4230.00 5076.00 5922.00 6768.00 7614.00 8460.00 9306.00 10152.00 



152 



HOKTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



43. Number of Gallons in Square-Built Tanks. 

To find the number of gallons in any square or oblong vessel 
multiply the number of cubic feet contained in it by 7.4805. 



Size of Tank. 



6 by 3 feet ........ 403.9 



4 
5 
6 
4 
5 
6 
7 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
6 



8 ft. 
deep. 

403.9 


4 ft. 
deep. 

538.5 


5 ft. 
deep. 

673.2 


538.5 


718.0 


897.6 


673.2 


897.6 


1122.0 


807.8 


1077.1 


1346.4 


628.3 


837.7 


1047.2 


785.4 


1047.2 


1309.0 


942.4 


1256.6 


1570.8 


1099.5 


1466.0 


1832.6 


717.0 


957.4 


1196.8 


897.6 


1196.8 


1496.0 


1077.1 


1436.1 


1683.0 


1256.6 


1675.5 


2094.4 


1436.1 


1914.8 


2393.6 


1009.8 


1346.4 


1683.0 


1211.7 


1615.6 


2019.6 


1413.7 


1884.9 


2356.2 


1615.6 


2154.2 


2692.8 


1817.6 


2423.5 


3029.4 


1122.0 


1496.0 


1870.0 


1346.4 


1795.2 


2244.0 


1570.8 


2094.4 


2618.0 


1795.2 


2393.6 


2992.0 


2019.6 


2692.8 


3366.0 


2244.0 


2992.0 


3740.0 


1481.0 


1974.7 


2468.4 


1727.8 


2303.8 


2879.8 


1974.7 


2632.9 


3291.2 


2221.5 


2962.0 


3702.6 


2468.4 


2521.2 


4114.0 


2715.2 


3620.3 


4525.4 


1660.5 


2154.2 


2692.8 



COMPUTATION TABLES. 153 



Size of Tank. 
12 by 7 feet 1884.9 



12 ' 


c 8 " 


12 ' 


' 9 " 


12 ' 


' 10 " 


12 ' 


' 11 " 


12 ' 


' 12 " 



3 ft. 
deep. 

1884.9 


4 ft. 
deep. 

2513.2 


5 ft. 
deep. 

2141.6 


2154.2 


2872.3 


3590.4 


2423.5 


3231.3 


4039.2 


2692.8 


3590.4 


4488.0 


2962.0 


3949.4 


4936.8 


3231.3 


4308.4 


5385.6 



VIII. Thermometer Scales. 

Fahrenheit. — The freezing-point is taken as the 32d degree 
of the scale, and 180 degrees are made between that and the 
boiling-point, which therefore becomes 212°. 

Centigrade or Celsius. — The freezing-point of water is 
taken as zero, and boiling-point as 100°. 

Reaumur. — The freezing-point of water is taken as zero, 
the boiling-point as 80°. 

A degree Centigrade is therefore greater than a degree of 
Fahrenheit as nine is greater than jBve ; and a degree of Reau- 
mur is greater, as nine is greater than four. 

To reduce Fahrenheit degrees to Centigrade, subtract 32 from 
the given degree of Fahrenheit and multiply the remainder by 
5 and divide it by 9 : (F.° - 32) f . 

To reduce Centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply the given 
degree of Centigrade by 9 and divide the product by 5, then to 
the quotient add 32 : (|C.° + 32). 

To reduce Fahrenheit to Reaumur, subtract 32 from the 
given degree of Fahrenheit and multiply the remainder by 4 
and divide by 9 : (F.° - 32) f. 

To reduce Reaumur to Fahrenheit, multiply the given degree 
of Reaumur by 9 and divide by 4, then add 32 : (fR.° + 32). 



CHAPTER XIII. 

GREENHOUSE AND WINDOW-GARDEN 
WORK AND ESTIMATES. 

I. The Heating of Greenhouses. 

(By Professor E. C. Carpenter.) 

I . Methods of proportioning Radiating Surface for heating 
of Greenhouses. 

Radiating surface, whether from steam or hot-water pipes, is 
estimated in square feet of exterior surface. All projections, 
ornaments, etc., on the exterior of pipes or radiators are 
counted as efficient surface. Formerly, cast-iron pipe of about 
4 inches in diameter was used almost altogether for greenhouse 
work ; it is still used to some extent for hot-water heating, but 
the great majority of houses are now piped with wrought iron, 
which is made of standard size and thickness, and is a regular 
article of trade. 

The heating surface in a boiler or hot water heater is that 
portion of the boiler, or heater, which is exposed to the direct 
heat of the fire or of the heated gases. 

Grate surface is the number of square feet of grate in the 
boiler or heater. 

In estimating the heat required for greenhouses, the area 
expressed in square feet of glass in tlie roof and walls is taken 
as the basis from which computations are made. Certain rules 
of practice have been adopted and appear to give fairly good 
results in proportioning radiating surface, grate surface, and 
heating surface. The ratio of heating surface to grate surface 
will depend upon the kind of coal to be burned and the economy 
desired. The more heating surface provided per unit of grate 

154 



GREENHOUSE AND WINDOW-GARDEN WORK. 155 

surface, the higher the economy, but the greater the first cost 
of the heater. The usual practice is to employ 40 square feet of 
heating surface to 1 of grate surface for hard coal, and 80 feet 
of heating surface to 1 of grate surface for soft coal.* One 
foot of heating surface in a steam boiler or in a hot-water heater 
will supply heat for about 8 square feet of radiating surface, 
under mean conditions. It will usually give a heater ample in 
size for the work required, but if more radiating surface is added 
it may in some instances prove to be small. The table following 
gives more exact proportions. 
To maintain the temperature of the greenhouse 70 degrees 

(I.) Table showing Relation of Glass Surface, Radiating 
Surface, and Heating Surface.! 



Temperature of radiating suface. 



Hot-water 
Heating. 



160° 



180° 



200° 



Steam Heating. 



(5 lb8. (10 lb«. 
Pressure ) P ressure ) 

220° 240° 



Temp. 100° F. above surrounding air 
90° 
80° 
70° 
60° 
50° 
40° 
30° 

Heat units given off 1 square foot 
radiating surface 

Radiating surface supplied by 1 
square foot of heating surface in 
boiler or heater 



Square feet of glass for 1 
square foot radiating surface. 



2.3 


2.7 


3.2 


2.55 


3.0 


3.55 


2.75 


3.38 


4.0 


3.2 


4.0 


4.5 


3.8 


4.5 


5.25 


4.5 


5.4 


6.4 


5.7 


6.7 


8.0 


7.7 


9.0 


10.6 


230 


270 


320 


12.2 


10.5 


8.8 



3.5 
3.9 
4.37 
5.0 
5.85 
7.0 
8.7 
11.6 



8.0 



4.2 
4.6(1 
5.25 
6.0 
7.0 
8.4 
10.5 
14.0 



350 420 



6.8 



* 25 per cent less for small upright heaters. 

t From Carpenter's work on Warming by Hot Water and Steam 



156 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



above that of tlie surrounding air, there should be 1 square foot 
of radiating surface for 4 square feet of glass for hot-water heat- 
ing, in which the maximum temperature of the water is main- 
tained at 180 degrees ; there should be 1 square foot of radiating 
surface for 5 square feet of glass for low-pressure (under 5 
pounds) steam heating. These numbers are given somewhat 
greater by some authorities, and there is no doubt that if the 
house is not much exposed, these higher proportions will give 
most satisfactory results. 

The following table gives more exact values for these quanti- 
ties and will be found to accord with the best practice in heating 
of greenhouses, either by steam or hot water. It is to be noted 
that for steam at 5 pounds pressure the temperature will be 
about 220° F. For steam at 10 pounds pressure, the tempera- 
ture will be about 240° F. 



2. Size of Pipes connecting Radiating Surface and Boiler 

or Heater. 

Various empirical rules have been given for proportioning 
main-supply and return pipes, which have proved quite satis- 
factory in practice. Mr. George A. Babcock gives the following 
rule, which will be found very satisfactory for greenhouse heat- 
ing, whether with low-pressure steam or with water : 

The diameter of main pipe leading to the radiating surface 
should be equal in inches to 0. 1 the square root of radiating 
surface in square feet. The main pipes should not be less than 
1^ inches in diameter, return pipes for water heating the same 
size as mains, and, for steam heating, one size less than mains, 
but never less than | inch in diameter. The following table shows 
the radiating surface supplied by various sizes of main pipe. 

(XL) Size of Pipes. Radiating Surface Supplibd. 

155 square feet. 
225 " 



11 in. 

2 
^ 



H 



400 

620 

900 

1220 

1600 



GREENHOUSE AND WINDOW-GARDEN WORK. 157 



3. Table of Dimensions of Standard Wrought-iron Pipe. 



t-l 


« 00 




^ 


4> <V 

P. P. 




Ti 


— .2 




fl 


s a 




a 


OS S3 




Fl 


-a -o 




>. >. 




S 


fl fl 




4.S 


fl" fl' 




cc 


a 




u 


« <u 











Ph 


S3 c3 


in 


1 


S <n 


N 




(4 b 




N 

& 


00 00 


C/J 




-a -o 
a 


a. c 


< 


Pz) 





-< 


P 


§^ij^ 


H 

r/7 


^ 


2 B 




W 


-a t3 





^ 


> > 






u u 


ij 

n 


!25 


c 0. 











4) « 




H 


^ ^ 




W 


- S" 








p ^ 




P5 


-r.-^ 




^ 


TS a 
a 08 




/-> 


« fl 




1— ( 
t— 1 


fl 

a -2 




1— 1 


•" ->* 






d 


Threads 
per inch 
of Screw. 


Tj<Tj(.-i.-Hr-i,-iOOOOOOXOOOO 


Contents in 
Gallons, 
per foot. 


G3000GOOOC<«©WCOCOCCiO 

OcOOCO'-'COOt—CiC^lCOO 

rH (M 00 Tin 1:0 00 
tH 


Number 
Square Feet 
in one Lineal 
Foot of Pipe. 


T-iTt<TfHTt<t^i-l<NCO-^00O5«D 
(Nt^'*C00i(Mi0.-HTt<t^O»O 

' I— 1 )— 1 rH rH 


Length of Pipe 
per Square 

Foot of kadiat- 
ing Surface. 


«■- - ^ - - - - - - - - 

(Mt^Ofi-HOr-iOOT— lUt>OiU305 

OCCOO»-i'-iOJOiiOTtHi©C<J 
»O^0i00O<©C0O0i00t-«0 

Ti5 CO (N <N oi f-^ 1-3 1-H 


Circumference 

of Pipe 

in inches. 


C<1 05 tJ< 10 Oi T-l (N 

lOOSCOi-iCDCDOOOiCOCOOb- 

<:0(Mt-i(N0:^O0iOrHb-Tt< 

(NCO'-^'iOOt-^oiOfNT^Ob-^ 
rH 1— 1 I— 1 rH I— 1 


Internal Area 

in one 
Lineal Inch. 


00 CO t^ 

-^cocqcOQOiocooot^ocxo 

OC0«D0iC0iO00':0C0C0C005 

C0O00'<!jHOC0t--C0Q0t^0i05 

■.-J(NC0-^t>Ici(N'oC5 


« 

CO 

H 
PLh 


CcS 

Is 

03 p. 



t-OiCOOO<r>-^CO)OOOOCOrHO 
OOrHrH(MCOlOCOOOOCOCO 

m^ rH r-^r-; 


«c2 
P3 S 


Ot^O-^COOt^G^lTfiOOOCO 

OOrHrHC<;COTtl«Ot^OOOG^ 
^ --H tH 




Inside 
Diameter. 
Nominal. 


■-.iMesH" ^ht'-VN '-Sm ^tM ,h|iM 

rHrHrH<N(N0000'^"<#kO 



05 
00 
00 



00 



Pi 

m 



fa « 

.2 # 
>• 

u 



158 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



The preceding table gives tlie standard sizes and principal 
dimensions of wrought-iron pipe. From this table the amount 
required for a given amount of radiating surface can be readily 
computed. This pipe can be purchased of any dealer. 

4. To design heating Surface. 

1st. Find radiating surface by dividing area of glass in square 
feet by results in Table II. Hot-water pipes can be kept at a 
temperature of 180° F. if desired. 

2d. Find the amount of pipe by dividing amount of radiat- 
ing surface by number of feet required per square foot of 
radiating surface, as given in Table III. Do not use pipe less 
than IJ inches in diameter for radiating surface. 

3d. Find size of main pipes by Table II., using size next 
larger when radiating surface comes between numbers given. 
It is usually better to have several main and return pipes, and 
divide the radiating surface in sections. 



II. Various Estimates and Recipes. 
5. Effects of Wind in cooling Glass. (Leuchars.) 



Velocity of Wind 
per hour. 

3.26 miles 2 



Time required to lower Temperature 
from 120 to 100 Fahr. 



minutes. 



5.18 




2:16 " 


6.54 




1:91 " 


8.86 




1:66 " 


10.90 




1 : 50 " 


13.. 36 




1:25 " 


17.97 




1 : 08 " 


20.45 




1 : 00 " 


24.54 




:91 " 


27.27 




:81 " 



6. Per Cent of Rays of Light reflected from Glass Roofs at Vari- 
ous Angles of Divergence from the Perpendicular. {Bouguer.) 

1° 2.5 per cent. 

10° 2.5 



GREENHOUSE AND WINDOW-GARDEN WORK. 159 



30<^ 


2.7 


40° 


3.4 


60° 


5.7 


60° 


11.2 




22.2 


80° 


41.2 


85° 


54.3 



7, Angle of Roof for Different Heights and Widths of House. 

iTaft.) 



Height — 
Feet. 


4 ft. 


5 ft. 


6 ft. 


7 ft. 


8 ft. 


9 ft. 


Width — 
Feet. 


/ 


/ 


/ 


/ 


/ 


1 


6 


33 21 


39 48 


45 


49 24 


53 8 


56 18 


7 


29 44 


35 32 


40 36 


45 


48 49 


52 07 


8 


26 33 


32 


36 52 


41 11 


45 


48 22 


9 


23 57 


29 3 


33 5 


37 52 


41 38 


45 


10 


21 48 


26 33 


30 58 


35 


38 39 


41 59 


11 




24 26 


28 36 


32 28 


36 2 


39 17 


12 




22 57 


26 33 


30 15 


33 41 


36 52 


13 




21 2 


24 47 


28 18 


31 36 


34 42 


14 






23 12 


26 34 


29 44 


32 44 



Measuring the height directly under the ridge to a point on a 
level with the bottom of the sash or eaves of the roof, and 
measuring the width along this level to the eave, the table 
gives the angles which the roof makes with the horizontal. 



8. Standard Flower-Pots. 

AMERICAN. 

The Society of American Florists has adopted a standard 
pot, in which all measurements are made inside, and which 



160 horticulturist's rule-book. 

bears a rim or shoulder at the top. The breadth and depth of 
these pots are the same, so that they " nest" well. 

ENGLISH. — CHI8WICK STANDARDS. 

Diam. 

at top. Depth. 

Thimbles 2 in. 2 in. 

Thumbs 2^ 2^ 

60's 3 3L 

54's 4 4 

48's 41 5 

32's 6 6 

24's 8^ 8 

16's ' . . . . 9| 9 

12's Hi 10 

8's 12 11 

6's 13 12 

4's 15 13 

2's 18 14 

g. To prevent boilers from filling with sediment or scale. 

1. Exercise care to get clean water and that which contains 
little lime. 2. Blow it out often. It can be blown out a little 
every day, and occasionally it should be blown off entirely. 
3. Put slippery-elm bark in the boiler tank. Or, if slippery- 
elm is not handy, use potato-peelings, flax-seed, oak-bark, spent 
tan, or coarse sawdust. 4. Put in, with the feed-water or 
otherwise, a small quantity of good molasses (not a chemical 
syrup) , say | to 1 pint in a week, depending upon the size of 
boiler. This will remove and prevent incrustation without 
damage to the boiler. These vegetable substances prevent in a 
measure, by mechanical means, the union of the particles of 
lime into incrustations. 

lo. To prepare paper and cloth for hotbed sash. 

1. Use a sash without bars, and stretch wires or strings across 
it to serve as a rest for the paper. Procure stout but thin manila 



GREENHOUSE AND WINDOW-GARDEN WORK. 161 

wrapping-paper, and paste it firmly on the sash with fresh flour 
paste. Dry in a warm place and then wipe the paper with a 
damp sponge to cause it to stretch evenly. Dry again and then 
apply boiled linseed oil to both sides of the paper, and dry 
again in a warm place. 

2. Saturate cloth or tough, thin manila paper with pure, raw 
linseed oil. 

3. Dissolve 1 1 pounds white soap in 1 quart water ; in 
another quart dissolve 1 V ounces gum arable and 5 ounces glue. 
Mix the two liquids, warm, and soak the paper, hanging it 
up to dry. Used mostly for paper. 

4. 3 pints pale linseed oil ; 1 ounce sugar of lead ; 4 ounces 
white rosin. Grind and mix the sugar of lead in a little oil, 
then add the other materials and heat in an iron kettle. Apply 
hot with a brush. Used for muslin. 

II. Liquid putty for glazing. 

Take equal parts, by measure, of boiled oil, putty, and white 
lead. Mix the putty and oil, then add the white lead. If the 
mixture becomes too thick, add turpentine. Apply with a 
putty-bulb. 

12. Paint for shading greenhouse roofs. 

Make a paint of ordinary consistency of white lead and 
naphtha. It is removed from the glass by the use of a scrubbing- 
brush. Make it thin or it is hard to remove. 

Ordinary lime whitewash is good for temporary use. If salt 
is added, it adheres better. It may be applied with a spray- 
pump. 

13. To keep flower-pots clean. 

When the pots are cleaned, soak them a few hours in 
ammoniacal carbonate of copper (recipe, p. 46). Soak them 
about once a year. This fungicide kills the green alga upon 
the pots, and prevents a new growth from appearing. 

H 



162 horticulturist's rule-book. 

III. Greenhouse Practice. 
14. Potting Earth. 

Loam (decomposed sod), leaf-mold, rotted farm-yard manure, 
peat, and sand afford the main requirement of the plants most 
commonly cultivated. Seedlings, and young stock generally, are 
best suited by a light mixture, such as one part each of loam, 
leaf-mold, and sand in equal parts. The older plants of vigor- 
ous growth like a rich, heavy compost, formed of equal parts of 
loam and manure ; and a sandy, lasting soil, made up of two 
parts each of peat and loam to one part of sand, is the most 
desirable for slow-growing sorts. A little lumpy charcoal should 
be added to the compost for plants that are to remain any great 
length of time, say a year, in the same pot. The best condition 
of soil for potting is that intermediate state between wet and 
dry. Sphagnum (moss), or fibrous peat and sphagnum in 
mixture and chopped, should be used for orchids and other 
plants of similar epiphytal character. 

Cow-dung is highly prized by many gardeners for use in 
potting soil. It is stored under cover and allowed to remain 
until dry, being turned several times in the meantime to pulver- 
ize it. Manure-water is made either from this dried excrement 
or from the fresh material. When made from the fresh mate- 
rial, the manure-water should be made weaker than in the other 
case. 

15- Suggestions for Potting Plants. 

The pots should be perfectly dry and clean, and well drained. 
However one-sided a plant may be, it is advantageous to have 
the main stem as near the centre of the pot as possible, and the 
potted plant is usually in the best position when perfectly erect. 
Soft-wooded plants of rapid growth, such as coleus, geraniums, 
fuclisias, and begonias, thrive most satisfactorily when the soil 
is loose rather than hard about the roots. Ferns should have 
it moderately firm, and hard-wooded stock, azaleas, ericas, 
acacias, and the like, should be potted firmly. In repottuig 
phiUts, more especially those of slow growth, the ball of soil and 



GREENHOUSE AND WINDOW-GARDEN WORK. 163 

roots should never be siuik to any great extent below the original 
level, and it is always preferable to pot a plant twice, or even 
three times, rather than place it in a pot too large. 

1 6. Watering Greenhouse and Window Plants. 

Plants cannot be satisfactorily watered just so many times a 
day, week, or month. All pla,nts should be watered when 
necessary — when they are dry. This is indicated by a tendency 
to flag or wilt, or by the hollow sound of the pots when tapped. 
The latter is the safest sign, as, after a prolonged period of dull 
weather, many plants wilt on exposure to bright sunshine, 
although still wet at the roots. But a growing plant should not 
be allowed to become so dry as to wilt, nor should the soil ever 
reach a condition as dry as powder. This is a condition, how- 
ever, which is essential to some plants, more particularly the 
bulbous and tuberous kinds, during their resting period. In- 
cessant dribbling should be avoided ; water thoroughly and 
be done with it until the plants are again dry. Plants under 
glass should not be sprayed overhead while the sun is shining 
hot and full upon them. The evening is the best time of the 
day for watering in summer, and morning in winter. In water- 
ing with liquid manure, the material should not come in contact 
with the foliage. Plants recently potted should not be watered 
heavily at the roots for a week or ten days ; spray them fre- 
quently overhead. 

17. Liquid Manure for Greenhouses. 

Most of the artificial fertilizers may be used in the preparation 
of liquid manure, but a lack of knowledge as to their strength 
and character lessens their value in the minds of gardeners. 
Pure cow-manure, which varies little in stimulating property, 
is considered by gardeners to be the safest and most reliable 
material to use for a liquid fertilizer. A bushel measure of the 
solid manure to 100 gallons of water makes a mixture which 
can be used with beneficial results on the tenderest plants ; 
and for plants of rank growtli, the compound may be gradually* 



164 horticulturist's rule-book. 

increased to thrice that strength with safety. Soot may be 
added with advantage, using it at the rate of 1 part to 10 parts 
of the manure. The mixture should stand for a few days, stir- 
ring it occasionally, before application. 

IV. Lists of Plants. 
1 8. Twenty-five Plants adapted to Window-gardens. 

POTS. 

Adiantum cuneatum, particu- Freesia refracta. 

larly the form known as Fuchsia, varieties. 

A. gracillimum. Mahernia odorata. 

Aloysia citriodora. Myrtus communis. 

Begonia metallica, and many Pelargoniums, in variety. 

others. Primrose, Chinese. 

Cocos Weddelliana. Pteris serrulata. 

Ficus elastica. Vallota purpurea. 

BASKETS. 

Epiphyllum truncatum. Pelargonium peltatum. 
Fragaria Indica. Saxifraga sarmentosa, beef- 
Fuchsia procumbens. steak geranium. 
Othonna crassifolia {Othon- Sedum Sieboldii. 

nopsis cheirifolia) . Tradescantia zebrina, wander- 

Oxalis violacea. ing Jew {Zehrina penduld). 

WATER. 

Eichhornia crassipes {E. sped- Narcissus Tazetta, var. orienta- 

osa) . lis, Chinese sacred lily. 

Hyacinths. 

In selecting plants for a window-garden or house conserva- 
tory, those plants should be omitted which are much subject to 
the attacks of aphis and mealy-bug. Amongst the common 
plants which are much infested, are coleus, German ivy (Sem- 
cio scandens), calla, Vinca variegata, Cyperus alternifolius, 



GREENHOUSE AND WINDOW-GARDEN WORK. 165 

fuchsia, and carnation. Those which are nearly exempt are 
most kinds of geraniums, begonias, wandering Jew, and most 
ferns. (For insects, see p. 17.) 

19. Vegetables used for Forcing under Glass. 



Asparagus. 

Bush Bean. 

Carrot. 

Cauliflower ; generally matured 
under glass, as a late spring 
crop. 

Cress. 

Cucumber ; there are two types 
of forcing cucumbers, the 
common, or White Spine 
type and the English or 
frame varieties. 



Lettuce. 

Muskmelon ; generally grown 

as a late fall or late spring 

crop. 
Parsley. 
Pea. 
Radish, 
Rhubarb. 
Sweet herbs 5 particularly 

spearmint. 
Tomato. 



Lettuce, tomato, cucumber, asparagus, and bean are gener- 
ally the most profitable forced crops in this country, in about 
the order named. 



20. Twenty-five Useful Aquatic and Sub-aquatic Plants for 

Out-door Use. 

T denotes those which do not endure the Avinter, 



Acorus gramineus, variegated. 
Aponogeton distachyum. 
Azolla Caroliniana. 
Caltha palustris. 
Cyperus alternifolius ; t. 
Eichhornia crassipes or azurea, 

(properly E. speciosa) ; t. 
Limnanthemum Indicum ; t. 
" nymphoides. 

Limnocharis Humboldtii {Hy- 

drocleys Gommersonii). 



Myriophyllum proserpinacoi- 
des; t. 

Nelumbium (Nelumbo). Many 
species and varieties. Some t. 

Nuphar advena. 

Nymphsea. Many species and 
varieties. Some t. 

Ouvirandra fenestralis (Apono- 
geton fenestrale) ; t. 

Papyrus ^Cyperus Papyrus) ; t. 



166 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



Pistia Stratiotes ; t. 
Pontederia cordata. 
Sagittaria Montevidensis ; t. 
Salvinia natans. 
Sarracenia purpurea. 
Scirpus Tabernaemontani ze- 



brina {Juncus effusus, varie- 
gated). 

Trapa natans. * 

Typha latifolia. 

Victoria regia ; t. 

Zizania aquatica. 



21. Commercial Plants and Flowers, or "Florists' Plants." 



The following are chiefly 

Adiantum. 

Alyssum. 

Anemone. 

Asparagus plumosus. 

Aster, China. 

Bouvardia. 

Calla. 

Carnation. 

Cattleya. 

Chrysanthemum. 

Coreopsis. 

Cypripedium. 

Daisy (Bellis perennis). 

Preesia. 

Gaillardia. 

Gladiolus. 

Gypsophila. 

Helianthus. 

Heliotrope. 

Hyacinth. 

Iris. 



grown by florists in this country : 

Lilium Harrisii (L. longijlo- 
rum, var. eximium). 

Lily of the Valley. 

Marguerite or Paris Daisy 
( Chrysanthemum frutescens^ 
and C. fceniculaceum). 

Mignonette. 

Narcissus. 

Nymphsea. 

Pansy. 

Pseonia. 

Phlox. 

Rose. 

Smilax (Asparagus medeoloi- 
des). 

Spirea. 

Stevia (Piqueria trinervia). 

Swainsonia. 

Sweet Pea. 

Tuberose. 

Tulip. 

Violet. 



The following plants can be grown in houses which are 
adapted to the carnation : 

Alyssum. Asparagus plumosus. 

Asparagus (edible). CaUa. 



GREENHOUSE AND WINDOW-GARDEN WORK. 167 



Cauliflower. 






Mignonette, 


Chrysanthemum. 




Narcissus. 


Cress. 






Pansy. 


Daisy. 






Pea. 


Freesia. 






Radish. 


Gladiolus. 






Rhubarb. 


Hyacinth. 






Stevia. 


Iris. 






Sweet Pea. 


Lettuce. 






Tulip. 


Lily of the 


Valley 


(not for- 


Violet. 



cing). 

22. Customary temperatures in which plants are grown 

under glass. 

Day. Night. 

Asparagus (edible) 85° 85° 

Asparagus plumosus 70° 60° 

Bean 75° 65° 

Carnation 60° 50° 

Cauliflower 60° 40° 

Chrysanthemum 55° 45° 

Cucumber 80° 70° 

Lettuce 55° 40° 

Lily (Easter) 65° 55° 

Lily of the valley (forcing) 90° 90° 

Melon 80° 70° 

Mushroom (uuder benches or in cellars) . . . 65° 65° 

Radish . . , 55° 45° 

Rose 65° 55° 

Smilax 60° 50° 

Tomato 75° 60° 

Violet 60° 40° 



CHAPTER XIV. 

METHODS OF KEEPING AND STORING FRUITS 
AND VEGETABLES. MARKET DATES. 

Apples. — 

1. Keep tlie fruit as cool as possible without freezing. 
Select only normal fruit, and place it iipon trays in a moist 
but well-ventilated cellar. If it is desired to keep the fruit 
particularly nice, allow no fruits to touch each other upon 
the trays, and the individual fruits may be wrapped in 
tissue paper. For market purposes, pack tightly in barrels 
after the apples have shrunk and store the barrels in a very 
cool place. 

2. Some solid apples, like Spitzenburgh and Newtown 
Pippin, are not injured by hard freezing, if they are allowed 
to remain frozen until wanted and are then thawed out very 
gradually. 

3. Many apples, particularly russets and other firm varie- 
ties, keep well when buried after the manner of pitting 
potatoes. Sometimes, however, they taste of the earth. 
This may be prevented by setting a ridge-pole over the pile 
of apples in forked sticks, and making a roof of boards in 
such a manner that there will be an air-space over the fruit. 
Then cover the boards with straw and earth. Apples 
seldom keep well after removal from a pit in spring. 

4. Apples may be kept by burying in chaff. Spread 
chaff — buckwheat^chafC is good — on the barn-floor, pile 
on the apples and cover them with chaff and fine broken or 
chopped straw 2 feet thick, exercising care to fill the 
interstices. 

Cabbage. — The most satisfactory method of keeping cabbages 
is to bury them in the field. Select a dry place, pull the 

168 



KEEPING AND STORING. 169 

cabbages and stand them head down on the soil. Cover 
them with soil to the depth of 6 or 10 inches, covering 
very lightly at first to prevent heating — unless the weather 
should quickly become severe — and as winter sets in cover 
with a good dressing of straw or coarse manure. The 
cabbages should be allowed to stand where they grew until 
cold weather approaches. The storing beds are usually 
made about C or 8 feet wide, so that the middle of the bed 
can be reached from either side, and to prevent heating if 
the weather should remain open. Cabbages quickly decay 
in the warm weather of spring. 

Cabbage for family use is most conveniently kept in a 
barrel or box half buried in the garden. Cabbages and 
turnips should never be kept in the house cellar, as when 
decaying they become very offensive. 
Celery. — For market purposes, celery is stored in temporary 
board pits, in sheds, in cellars, and in various kinds of earth 
pits and trenches. The points to be considered are, to 
provide the plants with moisture to prevent wilting, to pre- 
vent hard freezing, and to give some ventilation. The 
plants are set loosely in the soil. There are several methods 
of keeping celery in an ordinary cellar for home use. The 
following methods are good : 

Select a shoe or similar box. Bore one-inch holes in the 
sides, four inches from bottom. Put a layer of sand or soil 
in the box, and stand the plants, trimmed carefully, upon 
it, closely together, working more sand or soil about the 
root part, and continuing until the box is full. The soil 
should be watered as often as needed, but always through 
the holes in the side of the box. Keep the foliage dry. 

Celery may also be stored and well blanched at the same 
time, in a similar way, by standing it in a barrel upon a 
layer of soil. Some roots and soil may be left adhering to 
the plants. Crowd closely, water through holes near the 
bottom as in case of box storage, and keep the plants in the 
dark. 

Blanched celery can also be preserved for a long time by 



170 horticulturist's RULE-BOOJv. 

trimming closely and packing upright in moss inside of a 
box. A large quantity of the vegetable may thus be stored 
in a small space. 

Crystallized or Glace Fruit. — The principle is to extract the 
juice from the fruit and replace it with sugar syrup, which 
hardens and preserves the fruit in its natural shape. The 
fruit should be all of one size and of a uniform degTce of 
ripeness, such as is best for canning. Peaches, pears, and 
similar fruits are pared and cut in halves ; plums, cherries, 
etc., are pitted. After being properly prepared, the fruit 
is put in a basket or bucket with a perforated bottom and 
immersed in boiling water to dilute and extract the juice. 
This is the most important part of the process, and requires 
great skill. If the fruit be left too long, it is over«>cooked 
and becomes soft ; if not long enough, the juice is not suffi- 
ciently extracted, and this prevents perfect absorption of 
the sugar. After the fruit cools, it may again be assorted 
as to softness. The syrup is made of white sugar and 
water. The softer the fruit, the heavier the syrup required. 
The fruit is placed in earthen pans, covered with syrup and 
left about a week. This is a critical stage, as fermentation 
will soon take place, and when this has reached a certain 
stage the fruit and syrup are heated to the boiling-point, 
which checks the fermentation. This is repeated, as often 
as may be necessary, for about six weeks. The fruit is 
taken out of the syrup, washed in clean water, and either 
glaced or crystallized, as desired. It is dipped in thick 
. syrup, and hardened quickly in the open air for glacing, 
or left to be hardened slowly if to be crystallized. The 
fruit is now ready for packing, and will keep in any 
climate. 

Figs. — After the figs are gathered and dried in the same way 
as peaches or apricots, w^ash to remove all grit, and spread 
in shallow pans and set them in the oven to become 
thoroughly heated, taking care to prevent scorching. Then 
roll in powdered sugar, which has been rolled to remove all 
lumps. When cold, pack away, preferably in paper bags. 



KEEPING AND STORING. 171 

They make a delicious lunch with a bowl of milk. They 
are also excellent for the dessert. 

Gooseberries keep well if kept tight in common bottles filled 
with pure water. Be sure that none but perfect berries are 
admitted, and keep in a cool place. The berries should be 
picked before they are ripe, or edible from the hand, — in 
the stage at which they are used for culinary purposes. 

Grapes. — 

1. The firm grapes usually keep best — as Catawba, Ver- 
gennes, Niagara, Diana, Jefferson, etc. Thickness of skin 
does not appear to be correlated with good keeping qualities. 
Always cut the bunches which are to be stored on a dry 
day, when the berries are ripe, and carefully remove all 
soft, bruised, and imperfect fruits and all leaves. Keep 
the fruit dry, cool, and away from currents of air. Many 
varieties keep well if simply placed in shallow boxes or 
baskets and kept undisturbed in a cool, rather moist place. 

2. Pack the bunches in layers of dry, clean sand. 

3. Pack in layers of some small grain, as wheat, or oats, 
or barley. 

4. Cork-dust is also excellent for use in packing grapes. 
This cork can be had from grocers who handle the white 
Malagas, which are packed in this material. 

5. Pack the bunches in finely cut, soft, and dry hay, 
placing the grapes and hay in consecutive layers. 

6. Dry hardwood sawdust is also good for packing. 

7. Place on shelves in a cool, airy room. After a few 
days wrap the bunches separately in soft paper and pack in 
shallow pasteboard boxes, not more than two or three 
layers deep. Keep in a cool, dry room that is free from 
frost. 

8. Cut the bunches with sharp scissors, place in shallow 
baskets, but few in a basket, and after reaching the house 
dip the cut end of stems in melted wax. Now take tissue 
paper or very thin manila paper cut just to the right size, and 
carefully wrap each cluster of grapes. Secure shallow tin 
boxes ; place a layer of cotton-batting at the bottom, then 



172 horticulturist's rule-book. 

a layer of grapes, then batting ; three layers of grapes are 
enough for one box, alternating with cotton-batting, and 
topping with batting ; then gently secure the lid to each 
box, and when done place in cold storage for use in April 
or even later. If cold storage cannot be had, put in a dry, 
cool room, and when cold weather approaches cover in an 
interior closet with just sufficient covering to prevent 
freezing ; warmth will cause over-ripening and deteriora- 
tion. 

9. Roe's Method. — In a stone jar place alternate 
layers of grapes and straw paper, the paper being in double 
thickness. Over the jar place a cloth and bury below frost 
in a dry soil. The grapes will keep until New Year's. 
Keeping Grapes for Market (W. M. Pattison, Quebec). — 
It is the generally received opinion that the thick-skinned 
native seedlings are the only keepers. This is correct as 
regards preserving flavor, but several hybrids of foreign 
blood are the best keepers known. Before giving results of 
this and former trials, instructions in packing may be of 
service. The varieties intended to be laid up for winter use 
should be those alone which adhere well to the stem and are 
not inclined to shrivel. These should be allowed to remain 
on the vines as long as they are safe from frost. A clear, 
dry day is necessary for picking, and careful handling and 
shallow baskets are important. The room selected for the 
drying process should be well ventilated, and the fruit laid 
out in single layers on tables or in baskets where the air 
circulates freely, the windows being closed at night and in 
damp weather. In about ten days the stems will be dried 
out sufficiently to prevent molding when laid away. When 
danger from this is over, and the stems resemble those ot 
raisins, the time for packing has arrived. In this, the point 
to be observed is to exclude air proportionately with their 
tendency to mold. I have used baskets for permanent 
packing, but much prefer shallow trays or boxes of uniform 
size to be packed on each other, so that each box forms a 
cover for the lower, the uppermost only needing one. Until 



KEEPING AND STORING. 



173 



very cold weather, the boxes can be piled so as to allow 
the remaining moisture to escape through a crevice about the 
width of a knife-blade. Before packing, each bunch should 
be examined and all injured, cracked, and rotten berries 
removed with suitable scissors. If two layers are packed in 
a box, a sheet of paper should intervene. The boxes must 
be kept in a cool, dry room or passage, at an even tempera- 
ture. If the thermometer goes much below freezing-point, 
a blanket or newspaper can be thrown over them, to be re- 
moved in mild weather. Looking over them once in the 
winter and removing defective berries will suffice, the 
poorest keepers being placed accessible. Under this treat- 
ment the best keepers will be in good edible order as late as 
February, after which they deteriorate. 

The following is a list of grapes worth noticing, that have 
been tested for keeping : 



Description. 


List of Grapes to be recommended. 


1 


Nov. 1st. 


Lady, Antoinette, Carlotta, Belinda. 


M 

H 


Dec. 1st. 


Lady Washington, Peter Wiley, Mason, Wor- 
den, Senasqua, RomeH's Superior, Ricketts' 
No. 546, Concord, Delaware. 


^ - 

Ph 


Jan. 1st. 


Duchess, Essex, Barry, Rockland, Favorite, 
Aminia, Garber, Massasoit, Demsey's No. 
5, Burnett, Undine, Allen's Hybrid, Aga- 
wan, Gen. Pope, Francis Scott. 


M 
M 


Jan. 15th. 


Salem, Vergennes, El Dorado. 


3 


Feb. Ist. 


Wilder, Herbert, Peabody, Rogers' No. 30, 
Gsertner, Mary and Owosso. 



174 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Onions demand a dry cellar, and the bulbs should be thoroughly- 
dried in the sun before they are stored. All tops should be 
cut away when the onions are harvested. If a cellar dan- 
not be had, the bulbs may be allowed to freeze, but great 
care must be exercised or the whole crop will be lost. The 
onions must not be subjected to extremes of temperature, 
and they should not thaw out during the winter. They 
can be stored on the north side of a loft, being covered with 
two or three feet of straw, hay, or chaff to preserve an 
equable temperature. They must not be handled while 
frozen, and they must thaw out very gradually in the 
spring. This method of keeping onions is reliable only 
when the weather is cold and tolerably uniform, and it is 
little used. 

Orange. — Aside from the customary wrapping of oranges in 
tissue paper and packing them in boxes, burying in dry 
sand is sometimes practised. The fruit is first wrapped in 
tissue paper, and it should be buried in such manner that 
the fruit shall not be more than three tiers deep. 

Pears. — Pears should be picked several days or a couple of 
weeks before they are ripe, and then placed in a dry and 
well-ventilated room, like a chamber. Make very shallow 
piles, or, better, place on trays. They will then ripen up 
well. The fruits are picked when full grown but not rip§, 
and when the stem separates readily from the fruit-spur if 
the pear is lifted up. All pears are better for being pre- 
maturely picked in this way. Winter pears are stored in 
the same manner as winter apples. 

Quinces are kept in the same way as winter apples and winter 
pears. Some varieties, particularly the Champion, may be 
kept until after New Year's in a good cellar. 

Roots of all sorts, as beets, carrots, salsify, parsnips, can be 
kept from wilting by packing them in damp sphagnum 
moss, like that used by nurserymen. They may also be 
packed in sand. It is an erroneous notion that parsnips 
and salsify are not good until after they are frozen. 

Squashes should be stored in a dry room in which the temper- 



KEEPING AND STORING. 175 

ature is uniform and about 50°. Growers for market 
usually build squash houses or rooms and heat them. Great 
care should be taken not to bruise any squashes which are 
to be stored. Squashes procured from the market have 
usually been too roughly handled to be reliable for storing. 
Sweet potatoes. — In the North. — Dig the potatoes on a 
sunny day, and allow them to dry thoroughly in the field. 
Sort out the poor ones and handle the remainder carefully. 
Never allow them to become chilled. Then pack them 
in barrels in layers, in dry sand, and store in a warm cellar. 
They are sometimes stored in finely broken charcoal, in 
charcoal-dust, wheat^chaff, and similar substances. 

Sometimes they are kept in small and open crates, with- 
out packing-material, the crates being stacked so as to 
allow thorough ventilation. The Hayman or Southern 
Queen keeps well in this way. 

A warm attic is often a good place in which to store 
sweet potatoes. A tight room over a kitchen is particularly 
good when it is so arranged that the heat from the kitchen 
can be utilized in warming it. 

In the South (Berckmans). — Digging the tubers should 
be delayed until the vines have been sufficiently touched by 
frost to check vegetation. Allow the potatoes to dry ojffi in 
the field, which will take but a few hours. Then sort all 
those of eating size to be banked separately from the smaller 
ones. The banks are prepared as follows : Make a circular 
bed 6 feet in diameter, in a sheltered corner of the garden, 
throwing up the earth about a foot high. Cover this with 
straw and bank up the tubers in shape of a cone, using from 
10 to 20 bushels to each bank. A triangular pipe made of 
narrow planks to act as a ventilator should be placed in the 
middle of the cone. Cover the tubers with straw 6 to 10 
inches thick and bank the latter with earth, first using only 
a small quantity, but increasing the thickness a week or ten 
days afterwards. A board should be placed upon the top 
of the ventilating pipe to prevent water from reaching the 
tubers. Several banks are usually made in a row, and a 



176 horticulturist's rule-book. 

rough shelter of boards built over the whole. The main 
point to be considered in putting up sweet potatoes for win- 
ter is entire freedom from moisture and sufficient covering 
to prevent heating. It is therefore advisable to allow the 
tubers to undergo sweating (which invariably occurs after 
being put in heaps) before covering them too much ; and if 
the temporary covering is removed for a few hours, a week 
after being heaped, the moisture generated will be removed 
and very little difficulty will follow from that cause. If 
covered too thickly at once, the sweating often engenders 
rapid fermentation, and loss is then certain to follow. Sand 
is never used here in banking potatoes. Some varieties of 
potatoes keep much better than others. The Yellow Sugar 
Yam and the Pumpkin Yam are the most difficult to carry 
through ; while the Trinidad potato keeps as readily as Irish 
potatoes, only requiring tb be kept free from frost and light 
by a slight covering of straw, if the tubers are placed in a 
house. Next in keeping quality come the Hayti Yam, the 
Red-skinned, Brimstone, Nigger Killer ; and the last of the 
potato section is the Nansemond. 
Tomatoes. — Pick the firmest fruits just as they are beginning 
to turn, leaving the stems on, exercising care not to bruise 
them, and pack in a barrel or box in clean and thoroughly 
dry sand, placing the fruits so that they will not touch each 
other. Place the barrel in a dry place. 

In the autumn when frosts appear, tomatoes, if carefully 
picked and laid on straw under the glass of cold frames, 
will continue to ripen until near Christmas. Fruit ripened 
in this way seems to be as good as that ripened naturally on 
the vines. Green but full-grown tomatoes may be gradually 
ripened by placing them in cupboards or bureau drawers. 

The ripening of tomatoes may be hastened ten days by 
bagging them as grapes are bagged. 
Grading and packing fruit. — A first-class apple, pear, or 
other tree fruit is one which is full grown, of normal size, 
symmetrical, characteristic of the variety, wholly free of 
blemishes of insects or fungi, and not overripe. In apples, 



KEEPING AND STORING. 177 

pears, and plums, the stem must be left on if the specimen 
is to be first-class, but in peaches, apricots, quinces, and 
oranges, the stem remains upon the tree or, at least, is not 
necessary to a first-class fruit. 

Second-class fruits are generally considered to be those 
which fall below first-class and which are good enough for 
marketing. They are sound enough to keep well, are fairly 
uniform in size and shape, but may have more or less sur- 
face blemishes. A small, dry worm-hole in the blossom end 
of an apple or pear makes the fruit second-class. 

The greatest care should be exercised in packing fruits 
for market. Apples and pears which are to be shipped in 
barrels are commonly packed as soon as they leave the 
trees, but if the fruit is to be used for winter storage, it 
should be allowed to sweat and shrink before barrelling. 
These processes may be allowed to take place in piles in the 
orchard or in bins under cover, but the fruit should gener- 
ally be kept cool. The piles should be in the shade of 
trees if possible, or, if under cover, in a cool shed or barn, 
as under a north or a shaded roof. The first layer of fruit 
on either end of the barrel should be "faced," by placing 
the fruits in concentric rings around the head with the stem 
end next the head. After the lower end is faced, fruit of 
uniform grade is carefully poured or placed in, the barrel 
being lightly shaken once or twice to settle the fruit. The 
upper end should usually be faced like the lower one, and 
tbe fruit should stand an inch or less above the rim of the 
barrel before the head is pressed in. The shipping-mark is 
usually placed on the opposite head, or the one which stood 
on the ground whilst the packing proceeded, and this then 
becomes the top end. Merchants frequently turn the 
barrel over and open the other end, however; hence this 
should be faced as advised. Sprayed fruits shrink less and 
keep longer than unsprayed samples. 

Perishable and dessert fruits which are shipped in bas- 
kets or other small packages, should be carefully laid in 
one by one, in layers. They will then ship without set- 



178 horticulturist's rule-book. 

tling. See that the packages are full when they leave the 
packing-house. Care must be exercised not to rub the 
bloom off grapes and plums. Grape clusters should have 
all imperfect berries cut away before packing. If berries 
are picked when dry, and cooled off before packing, they 
may be shipped in tight unventilated packages. 
Chautauqua grape figures. — The grapes are shipped in 
9-pouiid Climax baskets, which weigh, when not filled, 
including cover, 24 ounces, holding 7^ pounds of grapes. 
A carload is 2800 to 3000 baskets. The railroads count 
222 baskets to the ton. A girl will pack from 100 to 1 50 
baskets per day. One cent per basket is paid for packing. 
An average acre of Concord grapes yields about 500 baskets. 
The average annual cost of cultivating the vineyard up to 
picking time is $ 8. The expense of picking, packivig, pack- 
ages, and carting is about $ 28 for the 500 baskets. The 
bunches are cut from the vines with shears made for the 
purpose. In the packing-house the bunches are trimmed. 

Dates at which Various Fruits and Nuts appear in Northern 
Markets. \From New England Grocer.) 

Nuts. — Peanuts, about the first of November. 

Walnuts — French, Naples, and Grenoble — about the middle 
of November. 

Pecans, about the same time as walnuts. 

Filberts, about the first of November. 

Castanas (Bertholletia or Brazil-nut), early in March. 

Almonds, shelled about October first, and Ivica and Prin- 
cess about forty -five days later. 

Shellbarks, October first, 

Baracoa cocoanuts begin to come during the latter part of 
March and the first of April. 

Chestnuts, late in September. 

Dried Fruits. — Citron (Leghorn), October first. 

Currants, the middle of October, 

Dates, Fard about the middle of November, and Persian 
about December 12. 



KEEPING AND STORING. 

Prunes, French, about the middle of October, and Turkish a 
month or so later. 

Raisins, Malaga fruit — which includes loose Muscatels, 2, 3, 
4, and 6-crown, and Imperial Cabinet layers, B. B. , Empire 
Cluster, Royal, and Imperial — begin to put in appearance 
about the first of November. California raisins begin to come 
early in October. Sultana raisins are due about October first, 
and New Valencias about the same time. 

Foreign Green Fruit. — Oranges — Messina, Valencia, and 
Palermo, and all Mediterranean fruit, early in December. 

Florida oranges generally begin to arrive the first of Novem- 
ber. Jamaicas get here the middle of September. 

Lemons — Messina, Valencia, and Palermo, and all Mediter- 
ranean fruit, December first. 

Aspinwall, Cuban, Jamaica, and Baracoa bananas come the 
year round, every month in the year, and about every day in the 
month a portion of the time —certainly every week in each month. 

Pineapples, mostly Havanas, come whenever there is a 
demand for them, the year round. Florida pines come during 
the latter part of May and the first of June. 

Grapes, Malagas, are due about October first. 

New figs begin to come along about the same time. 

Domestic Green Fruit — Apples, new, early in August. 
Russets generally make their appearance upon the market early 
in the winter, and Gravensteins in December. 

Pears, September. 

Peaches, Jersey, latter part of August and early in September. 
Delawares early in August. 

Plums, all along from August first to the middle of November. 

Grapes, Hamburgs, are in the market about all the year 
round, save, perhaps, three or four months. Catawbas arrive 
about the middle of August, and Ives about the same time. 

Berries. Blueberries, usually in July. Blackberries aie 
liable to arrive any time in June. 

Watermelons are with us from the first of June to the first of 
September. 

Cantaloupes, early in July-, lasting about three months. 



CHAPTER XV. 

COLLECTING AND PRESERVING SPECIMENS 
FOR CABINETS OR EXHIBITION. PER- 
FUMERY. LABELS. PRESERVING WOOD. 

I. Collecting and Preserving Plants 

Collect samples of all parts of the plant, — lower and upper 
leaves, stem, flowers, fruit, and in most cases roots. In small 
species, those two feet high or less, the whole plant should be 
taken. Of larger plants, take portions about a foot long. Press 
the plants between papers or "driers." These driers maybe 
any thick porous paper, as blotting-paper or carpet-paper, or, 
for plants that are not succulent or very juicy, newspapers in 
several thicknesses may be used. It is best to place the speci- 
mens in sheets of thin paper — grocer's tea-paper is good — and 
place these sheets between the driers. Many specimens can be 
placed in a pile. On top of the pile place a short board and a 
weight of 30 or 40 pounds, or a lighter weight if the pile is 
small and the plants are soft. Change the driers every day. 
The plants are dry when they become brittle, and when no 
moisture can be felt by the fingers. Some plants will dry in 
two or three days, while others require as many weeks. If the 
pressing is properly done, the specimens will come out smooth 
and flat, and the leaves will usually be green, although some 
plants always turn black in drying. 

Specimens are usually mounted on single sheets of white 
paper of the stiffness of very heavy writing-paper or thin Bristol- 
board. The standard size of sheet is 11^ x 16^ inches. The 
plants may be pasted down permanently and entirely to the 
sheet, or they may be held on by strips of gummed paper. In 
the former case, Denison's fish-glue is the best gum to use. 

180 



COLLECTING AND PKESERVING. 181 

Only one species or variety should be placed on a sheet. Speci- 
mens which are taller than the length of a sheet should be 
doubled over when they are pressed. The species of a genus 
are collected into a genus cover. This cover is a folded sheet of 
heavy manila or other firm paper, and the standard size, when 
folded, is 12 x 1C| inches. On the lower left-hand corner of 
this cover the name of the genus is written. A label should 
accompany each specimen upon the separate sheets, recording 
the name, date of collecting, name of collector, and any notes 
which may be of interest. The specimens are now ready to be 
filed away on shelves in a horizontal position. If insects attack 
the specimens, they may be destroyed by fumes of bisulphide 
of carbon (see Chap. I.) or chloroform. In this case it is neces- 
sary to place the specimens in a tight box and then insert the 
liquid. Lumps of camphor placed in the cabinet are useful in 
keeping away insects. Usually, however, specimens are dipped 
in poison, and then dried before being mounted. 

Herbarium Poisons. — 1. 120 grains of arsenic acid dissolved 
in a quart of alcohol. The arsenic acid is very deliquescent and 
the bottle must be kept tightly corked. This is Dr. Gray's 
favorite preparation for use in the herbarium at Harvard Uni- 
versity. 

2. Place as much corrosive sublimate in alcohol as the liquid 
will dissolve. If the poison is applied with a brush, care must 
be taken to avoid one with iron trimmings, as the sublimate cor- 
rodes the iron. 

3. Dissolve If ounces of corrosive sublimate in 1 pint of alco- 
hol ; add 2^ fluid drams of carbolic acid, and apply with a 
paint-brush. 

4. 1 pound of corrosive sublimate, 1 pound of carbolic acid 
to 4 gallons of methylated spirit (wood alcohol). 

2. Preserving, Printing, and Imitating Flowers and Other 
Parts of Plants. 

To Preserve the Color of Dried Flowers. — 1. Im- 
merse the stem of the fresh specimen in a solution of 32 parts 
by weight of alum, 4 of nitre, and 186 of water for two or three 



182 horticulturist's rule-book. 

days until the liquid is thoroughly absorbed, and then press in the 
ordinary way, except that dry sand is sifted over the specimen 
and the packet submitted to the action of gentle heat for 24 hours. 

2. Make a varnish composed of 20 parts of powdered copal 
and 500 parts of ether, powdered glass or sand being used to 
make the copal dissolve more readily. Into this solution the 
plants are carefully dipped ; then they are allowed to dry for 
10 minutes, arid the same process is repeated four or five 
times in succession. 

3. Plants may also be plunged in a boiling solution of 1 part 
of salicylic acid and 600 of alcohol, and then dried in bibulous 
paper. But this should be done very rapidly, violet flowers 
especially being decolorized by more than an instantaneous 
immersion. 

4. Red flowers which have changed to a purplish tint in dry- 
ing may have their color restored by laying them on a piece of 
paper moistened with dilute nitric acid (1 part to 10 or 12 parts 
of water), and then submitting them to moderate pressure for 
a few seconds ; but the solution must not touch the green 
leaves, as they are decolorized by it. 

5. With Sulphur. (Quin.) Procure a chest about 3 or 4 
feet square, with a small opening in the under part of one side, 
to be closed by a bar, through which the basin containing brim- 
stone must be put into the chest ; this opening must be covered 
inside with perforated tin, in order to prevent those flowers 
which hang immediately over the basin from being spoiled. 
Paper the inside to render^it air-tight. When the chest is ready 
for use, nail small laths on two opposite sides of the interior, at 
a distance of about 6 inches apart, and on these lay thin round 
sticks upon which to arrange the flowers ; these should not be 
too close together, or the vapor will not circulate freely through 
the vacant spaces around the flowers. When the chest is suffi- 
ciently full of flowers, close it carefully, place a damp cloth on 
the sides of the lid, and some heavy stones upon the top of it ; 
then take small pieces of brimstone, put them in a small flat 
basin, kindle and put through the opening in the bottom of the 
chest and shut the bar. Leave the chest undisturbed for 24 



COLLECTING AND PRESERVING. 183 

hours, after which time it must be opened, and if the flowers 
be sufficiently smoked they will appear white, if not, they must 
be smoked again. When sufficiently smoked, take the flowers 
out carefully and hang them up in a dry, airy place in the 
shade, and in a few days or even hours they will recover their 
natural color, except being only a shade paler. 

To give them a very bright and shining color, plunge them 
into a mixture of 10 parts of cold water and 1 of good nitric 
acid ; drain off the liquid, and hang them up again the same as 
before. The best flowers for this process are asters, roses, 
fuchsias (single ones), spireas (red-flowered kinds, such as 
callosa, Douglasi, etc.), ranunculus, delphiniums, cytisus, etc. 
The roses should be quite open, but not too fully blown. 

6. In Sand. (Quin.) Dry the plants in clean silver sand, 
free from organic matter (made so by repeated washing, until 
the sand ceases to discolor the water) . Heat the sand rather hot, 
and mix with it by constant stirring with a small piece of wax 
candle, which prevents the sand from adhering to the flowers. 
Have a box not higher than 3 inches, but as broad as possible ; 
this box should have instead of a bottom a narrow-meshed iron- 
wire net at a distance of f inch from where the bottom should 
be. Place the box on a board and fill with sand till the net is 
just covered with a thin layer of sand ; upon this layer of sand 
place a layer of flowers, on that a layer of sand, then flowers, 
and so on ; the layers of sand should vary in thickness accord- 
ing to the kind of flowers, from | inch to \ inch. 

When the box contains about three layers of flowers, it must 
be removed to a very sunny dry place, the best being close 
under the glass in an empty greenhouse, exposed to the full 
influence of the sun. After a week, if the weather is sunny 
and dry, the flowers will be perfectly dried ; then the box is 
lifted a little, the sand falls gently through the iron net, and the 
flowers remain in their position over the net without any dis- 
turbance whatever. 

They should then be taken out carefully and kept in a dry 
and, if possible, dark place, where no sun can reach them, and 
afterwards they will keep very well for many years. 



184 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Care should be taken that the flowers are cut in dry weather, 
and that while lying in the sand no part of a flower shall touch 
another part, as this always spoils the color and causes decay. 
Sand should be filled in between all the parts of the flower ; 
therefore it is necessary to insert the double flowers in an erect 
position, in order to fill the sand between the petals, while most 
of the single flowers must be put in with the stalks upwards. 

Printing Plants. — 1. First, lightly oil one side of paper, 
then fold in four, so that the oil may filter through the pores, 
and the plant may not come into direct contact with the liquid. 
The plant is placed between the leaves of the second folding, 
and in this position pressed (through other paper) all over with 
the hand, so as to make a small quantity of oil adhere to its 
surface. Then it is taken out and placed between two sheets of 
white paper for two impressions, and the plant is pressed as 
before. Sprinkle over the invisible image remaining on the 
paper a quantity of black lead or charcoal, and distribute it in 
all directions ; the image then appears in all its parts. With an 
assortment of colors the natural colors of plants may be repro- 
duced. ^0 obtain fixity, rosin is previously added to the black 
lead in equal parts. Expose to heat sufficient to melt the rosin. 

2. The best paper to use is ordinary wove paper, without 
watermarks ; if it can be afforded, use thin drawing-paper. 
First select the leaves, then carefully press and dry them. If 
they be placed in a plant-press, care must be taken not to put 
too great pressure on the specimens at first, or they will be 
spoiled for printing. An old book is the best for drying the 
samples to be used. Take printers' or proof ink, and a small 
leather dabber ; work a bit of ink about the size of a pea on a 
small piece of slate or glass, with the dabber, until it is perfectly 
smooth. A drop or two of linseed oil will assist the operation. 
Then give the leaf a thin coating, being careful to spread it 
equally ; now lay the leaf ink downwards on a sheet of paper 
and place it between the leaves of an old book, which must then 
be subjected to a moderate pressure in a copying-press, or 
passed between the rollers of awringing-machine. Impressions 
can be taken with greater rapidity by laying the book on the 



COLLECTING AND PRESERVING. 185 

floor and standing upon it for a few seconds. Soft book-paper 
is the best. Previous to using it, place a few sheets between 
damp blotting-paper, which causes it to take the ink still more 
readily. At first you will find that you lay on too much ink. 
If the impression is too black, use the leaf again. If the mid- 
rib of the leaf is too thick, it must be shaved down with a 
sharp knife. 

3. Leaf-Prints. (Engle.) 1. A small ink-roller, such as 
printers use for inking type. 2. A quantity of printers' green 
ink. 3. A pane of stout window-glass (the larger the better) 
fastened securely to an evenly planed board twice the size of the 
glass. A small quantity of the ink is put on the glass and 
spread with a knife, after which it is distributed evenly by 
going over in all directions with the ink-roller. When this has 
been carefully done, the leaf to be copied is laid on a piece of 
waste paper and inked by applying the roller once or twice with 
moderate pressure. This leaves a film of ink on the veins and 
network of the leaf, and by placing it on a piece of blank paper 
and applying considerable pressure for a few moments the work 
is done, and when the leaf is lifted from the paper the impress 
remains with all its delicate tracery, faithful in color and out- 
line to the original. 

To make the ink of proper consistency, add several drops of 
balsam copaiba to a salt-spoonful of ink. In c'ase the leaf sticks, 
the ink is too thick. 

Skeletonizing Plants. — 1. By Maceration. Place the 
leaves in water and allow them to remain in the same water for 
from 3 to 4 months, until the soft matter decays, and the stem 
may be taken in the hand and the refuse shaken away. There 
remains behind a network or skeleton of the original object, 
which can be bleached with a little lime. Leaves and pods 
may both be treated satisfactorily in this manner. The pod of 
the "Jimson weed" or Datura Stramonium is a favorite for 
this purpose. 

2. By Chemicals. Chloride of lime, |^ pound ; washing 
soda, \ pound. Put the soda into li pints boiling water 
(rainwater is best) and let it thoroughly dissolve. Put the 



186 horticulturist's rule-book. 

chloride of lime in a large pitcher, and add same quantity of 
cold water. Stir well and cover closely to prevent the escape 
of the chlorine. When the soda-water is cool, pour it on the 
chloride of lime, stir well together and cover tightly, leaving it 
for an hour or more. Then pour off very gently the clear 
liquid, which must be bottled tightly. 

This solution will remove fruit-stains from white goods, and 
will bleach any vegetable substances. When used for cotton or 
linen, it must be considerably diluted, and the goods well rinsed 
afterwards. 

Waterproof Paper for Artificial Flowers. — Water- 
proof paper, transparent and impervious to grease, is obtained 
by soaking good paper in an aqueous solution, of shellac and 
borax. It resembles parchment paper in some respects. If 
the aqueous solution be colored with aniline colors, very hand- 
some paper, of use for artificial flowers, is prepared. 

To Keep Flowers Fresh. — If cut flowers are not needed 
immediately, wet them and then wrap them in paper and place 
in a tight box in a cool place. Keep as cool as possible without 
freezing. 

The disagreeable odor which comes from flowers in vases is 
due to the decay of the leaves and steins in the water. There- 
fore remove all the lower leaves before putting flowers in 
vases. 

Flowers that have stood in a vase for a day or so can be 
greatly refreshed if taken from the vase at night, thoroughly 
sprinkled and wrapped, stems, blossoms, and all, as closely as 
possible iH a soaked cloth, and laid aside until the morning. 
They will be much fresher than if they had been left in their 
vases, yet will not have bloomed out so much. Before thus 
laying them aside, and again in the morning, a bit of each stem 
should be cut off, as the end soon hardens. This ought also to 
be done once or twice a day, even if the flowers are kept con- 
stantly in their vases. Roses which have drooped before their 
time — as, for example, when worn on the dress — may be 
revived if the stems, after being thus cut, are placed for ten 
minutes in almost boiling water and then removed to cold water. 



COLLECTING AND PRESERVING. 187 

It is also well to add a little charcoal or ammonia to the water 
in which flowers are standing. 

If salt is added to the water in which cut flowers are kept, it 
will delay wilting and decay. 

3. Preserving Fruits for Exhibition. 

1. Corrosive sublimate — which is a violent poison — is pre- 
pared at the rate of half an ounce to a gallon of water. Renew 
the liquid every year or two. Distilled or other very pure water 
should be used if it is desired to retain the color of the fruit, 
and glycerine may be added to prevent the fruit from shrinking. 

2. Sulphur is sometimes used as follows : Put 30 gallons of 
water in a 40-gallon barrel ; float on top of the water a tin pan, 
in which put a little sulphur. Set the sulphur on fire and cover 
the barrel tightly until the fire goes out ; renew the sulplmr 
several times, opening the barrel for renewal of air between the 
doses. The water absorbs the sulphurous acid, and the fluid is 
then used as a preservative. 

Better results are generally obtained if the prepared sulphur- 
ous acid is purchased. It costs about 35 cents per pound in 
5-pound bottles. Two ounces of the acid is added to a gallon 
of water. 

3. Place an ounce of salicylic acid in 5 gallons water, and 
then add a little glycerine. The amount of glycerine will 
depend upon the juiciness of the fruit. The greater the juici- 
ness, the more glycerine must be added. From 8 to 15 per cent 
may be considered an average. 

Another recipe, and one particularly useful for dark-colored 
grapes, is as follows : Dissolve an ounce of salicylic acid in 
8 ounces of alcohol, and add this to 2 gallons of water. Allow 
it to stand for a short time before using. 

4. Boric acid may be used as a preservative by dissolving a 
half pound in 50 pounds of water. If the liquid is not clear, 
filter it. Useful for colored fruits. 

5. A solution of zinc chloride, for preserving light-colored and 
yellow fruits, is made by dissolving 1 pound of the chloride 
in 50 pounds of water. Filter if the solution is not clear. 



188 horticulturist's rule-booe. 

6. Bisulphite of soda, J ounce of the pure, dry, commercial 
article, to a gallon of )j'ater, to which is added 4 ounces of 
alcohol, makes a good preservative. It is best to dissolve* the 
bisulphite in a half pint of water, before adding the remainder 
of the water and the alcohol. Filter if necessary. The alco- 
hol is added to prevent the fruit from bursting. 

7. Pure kerosene is excellent in^ which to preserve straw- 
berries and blackcap raspberries. Be sure that no drops of 
water adhere to the fruits before they are placed in the oil. 

8. Alcohol preserves fruits almost perfectly, except that it 
destroys the color, fligh-grade alcohol is usually diluted one- 
half with pure water before using. 

9. Formic acid is an excellent preservative, particularly for 
pulpy and colored fruits. The commercial formalin is gener- 
ally used, in 2 or 3 per cent solution, usually the latter 
strength. Formalin may be added to alcohol (8). 

4. Collecting and Preserving Insects. 

Flying insects are caught in a net made of mosquito-bar, 
after the fashion of the minnow-net. The material is made into 
a bag about a yard deep, and about a foot in width at the top. 
The opening is fastened upon a wire hoop, which is secured to 
a pole — as a broomstick. Insects are killed by placing them in 
a " cyanide-bottle." This is prepared by placing 2 or 3 lumps 
of cyanide of potassium the size of a quail's egg in a museum- 
bottle or glass jar, covering the lumps with dry plaster of Paris, 
and then adding just enough water' to make the plaster set. 
The fumes of the poison coming through the plaster quickly kill 
the insects. Keep the bottle corked. The cyanide is very 
poisonous and the fumes should not be inhaled. A very broad- 
mouthed bottle with glass stopple is necessary. Bugs and 
beetles can be pinned and mounted as soon as they are dead. 
It is customary to pin beetles through the right wing-cover, and 
bugs — as squash-bugs ^ — through the triangular space between 
the wings. Butterflies, moths, bees, flies, etc., must be pressed 
to preserve the wings. This is done by placing on a " setting- 
board." This apparatus is a little trough with a crack at the 



COLLECTING AND PRESERVING. 189 

bottom. The sides of the trough are made of thin bits of board, 
3 or 4 inches wide and a foot or more long. These sides have 
very little slant. The crack in the bottom of the trough is left 
about a half-inch wide, and it is covered beneath with a strip of 
cork. The body of the insect is now placed lengthwise the 
crack, a pin is thrust through the thorax, or middle division of 
the insect, into the cork, and the wings are laid out on the sides 
of the trough. The wings are held in place by strips of card- 
board pinned over them. Take care not to stick the pins 
through the wings. In about two weeks the insects will be 
dry and stiff. 

Insects must be kept in tight boxes to keep other insects 
from devouring them. Cigar boxes are good. Tight boxes 
with glass covers are generally used by collectors. Place sheets 
of cork in the bottom of the box to receive the pins. If insects 
attack the specimens, expose them in a tight box to vapors of 
bisulphide of carbon (see Chap. I. ) or benzine. 

5. Preparing Old Bottles for Specimens. 

Cutting Glass Bottles. — 1. Pass 5 or 6 strands of coarse 
packing-twine round the bottle on each side of the line where 
you want it divided, so as to form a groove | inch wide ; in this 
groove pass one turn of a piece of hard-laid white cord, extend 
the two ends, and fasten to some support. Saw the bottle back- 
wards and forwards for a short time ; after a minute's friction, 
by a side motion of the bottle throw it out of the cord into a 
tub of water, and then tap on the side of the tub and the 
bottom will fall off. 

2. Fill the bottle the exact height you wish it to be cut, with 
oil of any kind ; dip, very gradually, a red-hot iron into the oil. 
The glass suddenly chips and cracks all round, then the upper 
surface may be lifted off at the surface of the oil. 

3. For cutting off bottoms of bottles, make a slight nick with 
a file, and then mark round with a streak of ink where you 
want it to come off. Make an iron red-hot and lay it on the 
nick. This will cause it to expand and crack ; then, by moving 
the rod round, the crack wiM follow. 



190 horticulturist's rule-book. 



6. Perfumery. 

Permanent Attar or Otto of Roses (EUwanger). — The 
roses employed should be just blown, of the sweetest-smelling 
kinds, gathered in as dry a state as possible. After eacli gath- 
ering, spread out the petals on a sheet of paper and leave until 
free from moisture ; then place a layer of petals in a jar, 
sprinkling with coarse salt ; then another layer of coarse salt 
alternating until the jar is full. Leave for a few days, or until 
a broth is formed ; then incorporate thoroughly and add more 
petals and salt, mixing thoroughly daily for a week, when 
fragrant gums and spices should be added, such as benzoin, 
storax, cassia-buds, cinnamon, cloves, cardamon, and vanilla- 
bean. Mix again and leave for a few days, when add essential 
oil of jasmine, violet, tuberose, and attar of roses, together 
with a hint of ambergris or musk, in mixture with the flower 
ottos, to fix the odor. Spices, such as cloves, should be spar- 
ingly used. 

Perfume Jar. — 1. 1 pound of dried rose-petals bought at a 
drug-store, 4 ounces of salt, and 2 ounces of saltpeter, on which 
put 8 drops of essence of ambergris, 6 drops of essence of lemon, 
4 drops of oil of cloves, 4 drops of oil of lavender, and 2 drops 
of essence of bergamot. 

2. One-half pound of common salt, | pound saltpeter, \ 
ounce storax, i dozen cloves, a handful of dried bay-leaves, 
and another handful of dried lavender-flowers. This basis will 
last for years, and petals of roses and other fragrant flowers 
gathered on dry days may be added annually, or powered ben- 
zoin, chips of sandalwood, cinnamon, orris-root, or musk may 
be added. 

Lavender Bag. — One-half pound lavender-flowers, I ounce 
dried thyme and mint, |^ ounce ground cloves and caraway, 1 
ounce common salt. Tie up in a linen bag, which is hung in ?. 
wardrobe. 

Orris-root is a good medium in which to place delicate per- 
fumes for perfumery bags. « 



COLLECTING A^'D PRESERVING. 191 



7. Labels. 

Tree Labels may be made of various kinds of material. 
The commonest and cheapest label is made of clean white 
pine, primed with thin white lead. These can be purchased 
of dealers in nurserymen's supplies. The ordinary nursery 
tree label is 3.V inches long. 

The Cornell tree label is made from the "package label" 
used by nurserymen. It is a pine notched tally 6 inches long 
and li inches wide. (Cost, painted, about §1.30 per thousand.) 
These are wired with heavy stiff wire not less than 18 inches 
long, so that the loop is 5 or 6 Inches across. The labels 
are hung on one of the lower limbs of the tree where they are 
very conspicuous. The ends of the wire are hooked together 
around the limb by means of pincers, and, being stiff, it is not 
readily removed by careless or mischievous persons. The name 
is written firmly with a very soft black lead-pencil, and when 
the label is hung upon the tree, it is dipped in thin white lead, 
which fixes the writing and preserves it almost indefinitely ; 
or the name may be WTitten firmly into a fresh coat of white 
lead. 

Labels made of small strips of common zinc are often used, 
the name being written on the metal with a lead-pencil^ The 
label is wound about a limb, and it expands as the part grows. 
The label is so inconspicuous and so easily removed that it is 
unsatisfactory. 

Thick tallies of lead with the name stamped in with dies, are 
very durable. 

Thin metal labels which hang on a wire are often broken or 
torn out at the eyelet by the wind. 

Stake Labels, made of pine or other soft clear wood, are 
most satisfactory for garden use, unless, perhaps, in botanic 
gardens, or other permanent exhibition grounds where a more 
conspicuous and ornamental label is wanted. The label should 
be primed with white lead, after which it takes a permanent 
mark from a medium soft lead-pencil. 



192 horticulturist's rule-book. 

A good label for grounds which are cultivated by horses, and 
which are therefore likely to be broken by the whiffletrees, is 
a pine stake 2 feet long, 3^ inches wide, and 1^ inches tliick, 
sawed to a taper at the lower end. Give them two coats of thin 
white lead, taking care not to pile them on their faces whilst 
drying. Make the record with a soft large lead-pencil. When 
the writing wears off, or the label is wanted for other uses, 
plane a shaving off the face, paint again audit is as good as new. 

To Preserve Wooden Labels. — Thoroughly soak the pieces 
of wood in a strong solution of copperas (sulphate of iron) ; 
then lay them, after they are dry, in lime-water. This causes 
the formation of sulphate of lime, a very insoluble salt, in the 
wood. 

Black Ink for Zinc Labels. — Verdigris, 1 ounce ; sal am- 
moniac, 1 ounce ; lampblack, J ounce ; rain water, | pint. Mix 
in an earthenware mortar or jar and put up in small bottles. 
To be shaken before use and used with a clean quill pen ou 
bright zinc. 

8. To Preserve Posts in the Ground. 

Dip them in hot coal-tar. 

Char them. 

Use the copperas solution mentioned above for labels. 

Into boiled linseed oil stir pulverized coal until the mixture 
is the thickness of paint. Apply a heavy coat to the post. 

Posts may be kyanized by soaking them in a liquid made by 
dissolving 1 pound of blue vitriol in 20 pounds of water. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

RULES. 
I. Loudon's Rules for Gardeners. 

1. Perform every operation in the proper season and in the 
best manner. 

2. Complete every operation consecutively. 

.3. Never, if possible, perform one operation in such a man- 
ner as to render another necessary. 

4. When called off from any operation, leave your work and 
tools in an orderly manner. 

5. In leaving off work, make a temporary finish, and clean 
your tools and carry them to the tool house. 

6. Never do that in the garden or hothouses, which can be 
equally well done in the reserve ground or in the back sheds. 

7. Never pass a weed or insect without pulling it up or taking 
it off, unless time forbid. 

8. In gathering a crop, take away the useless as well as the 
useful parts. 

9. Let no plant ripen seeds, unless they are wanted for some 
purpose, useful or ornamental, and remove all parts which are 
in a state of decay. 

2. Rules of Nomenclature. 

1. RULES FOR NAMING FRUITS, ADOPTED BY THE AMERICAN 
POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

1. The originator or introducer (in the order named) has the 
prior right to bestow a name upon a new or unnamed fruit. 

2. The society reserves the right, in case of long, inappropri- 
ate, or otherwise objectionable names, to shorten, modify, or 

o 193 



194 horticulturist's rule-book. 

wholly change the same when they shall occur in its discussions 
or reports ; and also to recommend such names for general 
adoption. 

3. The names of fruit should, preferably, express as far as 
practicable by a single word, the characteristics of the variety, 
the name of the originator, or the place of its origin. Under no 
ordinary circumstances should more than a single word be em- 
ployed. 

4. Should the question of priority arise between different 
names for the same variety of fruit, other circumstances being 
equal the name first publicly bestowed will be given preference. 

2. RULES FOR NAMING KITCHEN-GARDEN VEGETABLES, ADOPTED 
BY THE COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE OF THE ASSOCIATION 
OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT 
STATIONS (1889). ^ 

1. The name of a variety shall consist of a single word, or at 
most of two words. A phrase, descriptive or otherwise, is 
never allowable ; as. Pride of Italy, King of Mammoths^ Earliest 
of All. 

2. The name should not be superlative or bombastic. In 
particular, such epithets as New, Larffe, Giant, Fine, Selected^ 
Improved, and the like, should be omitted. If the grower or 
dealer has a superior stock of a variety, the fact should be stated 
in the description immediately after the name, rather than as 
a part of the name itself ; as, " Trophy, selected stock." 

3. If a grower or dealer has secured a new select strain of a 
well-known variety, it shall be legitimate for him to use his 
own name in connection with the established name of the 
variety ; as, Smith''s Winnigstadt, Jones's Cardinal. 

^. When personal names are given to varieties, titles should 
be omitted ; g^. Major, General, etc. 

5. The term ' ' hybrid " should not be used except in those rare 
instances in which the variety is known to be of hybrid origin. 

6. The originator has the prior right to name the variety, but 
the oldest name which conforms to these rules should be adopted. 



RULES. 195 

7. This committee reserves the right, in its own publications, 
to revise objectionable names in conformity with these rules. 

3. RULES OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FLORISTS. 

This society commends (through its nomenclature com- 
mittee) the rules adopted by the American Pomological Society 
and the Station Horticulturists (as given above), and further 
urges "upon those originating plants requiring new names, the 
employment of short, appropriate, and neat vernacular names ; 
the avoidance of misleading, long, high-sounding, or vulgar 
names, and the use of Latinized names exclusively in con- 
nection with species and natural varieties." 

The rules adopted by the society are as follows (1893) :. 

1. Natural species and varieties shall bear the Latin names 
assigned to them in Nicholson's Dictionary, so far as they 
are named, except that where differences exist between the 
Dictionary and Kew Index, the name adopted by the latter 
shall be chosen. Species first published or reinstated subse- 
quent to the date of the latter (1885) shall be treated in accord- 
ance with botanical custom, especially that of the Kew 
Gardens. In all cases where the application of this rule shall 
cause the displacement of a commonly used and well-known 
name, the latter sliall be added as a synonym. 

2. Florists' varieties, races and forms, shall be named in 
accordance with the recommendations of the nomenclature 
committee (stated above) ; but the greatest conservatism is 
counseled in all changes which are likely to cause confusion or 
detriment to legitimate business interests. 

4. RULES FOR THE NAMING OF ORCHIDS, ADOPTED BY THE COUN- 
CIL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. 

Section I. — Genera, species, well-marked varieties, and natu- 
ral hybrids. 

1. The names of natural genera, species, and well-marked 
hybrids, as well as of presumed wild hybrids, shall be written 



196 horticulturist's rule-book. 

so as to accord with botanical language and ways, and to con- 
form with the laws of botanical nomenclature, as adopted at 
the International Botanical Congress at Paris, in 18(57. 

2. Exhibitors showing, for the first time, a plant under a 
Latin name, shall be required to furnish the name of the 
botanist who has described the plant. 

Section IT. — Artificial hybrids between genera. 

3. Every bigener shall receive a generic name in Latin, 
formed by combining the names of the parent genera, and a 
specific name also in Latin, the sign of hybridity (x) being 
always added. 

Section III. — Artificial hybrids between species. 

4. Hybrids between species, raised artificially, shall be named 
in Latin, with the addition of the word "hybrid," or of the sign 
of hybridity (x). 

Section IV. — Artificial crosses between varieties. 

5. Crosses between varieties, raised artificially, should re- 
ceive suitable vernacular names. 

Section V. — General recommendations. 

6. The orchid committee shall decline to recognize any un- 
authorized name, or any name that is deemed unsuitable, or is 
not applied in conformity with the preceding rules. 

, 7. A name once authoritatively adopted shall not be altered, 
unless in case of material error. 

8. An award may be made to any plant that is considered 
by the committee worthy of such distinction, even though it be 
unnamed, or not named in accordance with the preceding regu- 
lations, providing that, within a reasonable time, to be deter- 
mined by the committee, a proper name be given. Any award 
made under the circumstances shall be suspended until the 
plant has been properly named. 



RULES. 197 

9. The operation of these rules shall be prospective, not 
retrospective. 

10. The Council wishes to impress upon orchid growers the 
desirability of obtaining drawings or photographs of all new 
and certified orchids, and of depositing such drawings in the 
library of the society, for reference. 

11. The Council also desires to remind cultivators of the 
great importance of preserving specimens for future reference 
and comparison, and suggests that, wherever practicable, speci- 
mens should be sent for this purpose to the Director of the 
Royal Gardens, Kew. 

5. PARIS CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE. 

At an international botanical congress held in Paris in 1867, 
a series of general rules for the nomenclature of plants was 
adopted, which has been more or less closely followed by bota- 
nists until the present time. The code assumes that botanical 
names, like other language, are determined by custom or gen- 
eral consensus of opinion. It also asserts that the name of 
a species consists of two inseparable parts, the generic and 
specific, and that the author of the combination of these two, 
rather than the author of either part separately, should be 
quoted as the authority for the complete name of the species. 
In opposition to these assertions, some botanists now contend 
(see Caption 6) that the first single name applied to a species 
should always follow that species, in whatever genus it may be 
placed, and that the citation of authority following any combi- 
nation should comprise the name of the person who first used 
the specific appellation and also the name of the person who 
placed the given generic and specific appellations together, in 
case a subsequent combination has occurred. The Paris Code 
comprises 68 articles, of which only the following are of direct 
interest here : 

Article 2. The rules of nomenclature should neither be 
arbitrary, nor imposed by authority. They must be founded on 
considerations clear and forcible enough for every one to com- 
prehend and be disposed to accept. 



198 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Art. 15. Each natural group of plants can bear in science 
but one valid designation, namely, the most ancient, whether 
adopted or given by Linnaeus, or since Linnaeus, provided it be 
consistent with the essential rules of nomenclature. [The ex- 
act work of Linnaeus from which names may start is not desig- 
nated. ] 

Art. 31. All species, even those that singly constitute a 
genus, are designated by the name of the genus to which they 
belong, followed by a name termed specific, more commonly of 
the adjective kind. 

Art. 35. No two species of the same genus can bear the same 
specific name, but the same specific name may be given in 
several genera. 

Art. 37. Hybrids whose origin has been experimentally dem- 
onstrated are designated by the generic name, to which is 
added a combination of the specific names of the two species 
from which they are derived, the name of the species that 
has supplied the pollen being placed first with final i or 
o, and that of the species that has supplied the ovulum com- 
ing next with a hyphen between (Amaryllis vittato-regince^ 
for the Amaryllis proceeding from A. regince fertilized by A. 
vittata. 

Hybrids of doubtful origin are named in the same manner as 
species. They are distinguished by the absence of a number (in 
descriptive works), and by the sign x being prefixed to the 
generic name ( x Salix capreola, Kern) . 

Art. 38. Names of sub-species and varieties are formed in 
the same way as specific names, and are added to them accord- 
ing to relative value, beginning by those of the highest rank. 
Half-breeds (mules of florists) of doubtful origin are named 
and ranked in the same manner. 

Sub-varieties, variations, and sub-variations of uncultivated 
plants may receive names analogous to the foregoing, or merely 
numbers or letters, for facilitating their arrangement. 

Art. 39. Half-breeds (mules of florists) of undoubted origin 
are designated by a combination of the two names of the 
sub-species, varieties, sub-varieties, etc., that have given birth 



RULES. 199 

to them, the same rules being observed as in the case of 
hybrids. 

Art. 40, Seedlings, half-breeds of uncertain origin, and 
sports should receive from horticulturists fancy names in 
common language, as distinct as possible from the Latin 
names of species or varieties. When they can be traced 
back to a botanical species, sub-species, or variety, this is 
indicated by a succession of names {Pelargonium zonule, 
Mrs. Pollock). 

Art. 41. The date of a name or of a combination of names 
is that of its actual and irrevocable publication. 

Art. 42. Publication consists in the sale or the distribution 
among the public of printed matter, plates, or autographs. It 
consists, likewise, in the sale or the distribution, among the 
leading public collections, of numbered specimens, accompanied 
by printed or autograph tickets, bearing the date of the sale or 
distribution. 

Art. 48. For the indication of the name or names of any 
group to be accurate and complete, it is necessary to quote the 
author who first published the name or combination of names 
in question. 

Art. 51. When a group is moved, without alteration of 
name, to a higher or lower rank than that which it held before, 
the change is considered equivalent to the creation of an entirely 
new group, and the author who has effected the change is the 
one to be quoted. 

Art. 55. In case two or more groups of the same nature are 
united into one, the name of the oldest is preserved. If the 
names are of the same date, the author chooses. 

Art. 59. Nobody is authorized to change a name because it 
is badly chosen or disagreeable, or another is preferable or 
better known, or for any other motive either contestable or of 
little import. 

Art. 68. Every friend of science ought to be opposed to the 
introduction into a modern language of names of plants that 
are not already there, unless they are derived from a Latin 
botanical name that has undergone but a slight alteration. 



200 horticulturist's rule-book. 

6, RULES FOR BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE ADOPTED BY THE 
BOTANICAL CLUB OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE 
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 

{Combined Rules of Rochester and Madison Meetings.) 

The Paris Code of 1867 is adopted except where it conflicts 
with the following : 

The Law of Priority. — Priority of publication is to be re^ 
garded as the fundamental principle of botanical nomen- 
clature. 

Beginning of Botanical Nomenclature. — The botanical 
nomenclature of both genera and species is to begin with the 
publication of the first edition of Linnseus' "Species Planta- 
rum," in 1753. 

Stability of Specific Names. — In the transfer of a species to 
a genus other than the one under which it was first published, 
the original specific name is to be retained. 

Precedence of Publication. — In determining the name of a 
genus or species to which two or more names have been given 
by an author in the same volume, or on the same page of a 
volume, precedence shall decide. 

Homonyms. — The publication of a generic name or a 
binomial invalidates the use of the same name for any subse- 
quently published genus or species respectively. 

Publication of Genera. — Publication of a genus consists 
only (1) in the distribution of a printed description of the 
genus named ; (2) in the publication of the name of the genus 
and the citation of one or more previously published species as 
examples of types of the genus, with or without diagnosis. 

Publication of Species. — Publication of a species consists 
only (1) in the distribution of a printed description of the 
species named ; (2) in the publishing of a binomial with refer- 
ence to a previously published species as a type. 

Similar Generic Names. — Similar generic names are not to 
be rejected on account of slight differences, except in the spell- 
ing of the same word ; for example, Apios and Apium are to be 



RULES. 201 

retained, but of Epidendrum and Epidendron, Asterocarpus and 
Astrocarpiis^ the latter is to be rejected. 

Citation of Authorities. — In tlie case of a species which has 
been transferred from one genus to another, the original author 
must always be cited in parenthesis, followed by the author of 
the new binomial. 

To this code the Committee on Nomenclature of the Botanical 
Club adds the following working rules : 

1. That the original name is to be maintained, whether pub- 
lished as a species, sub-species, or variety. 

2. That varieties are to be written as trinomials. 

3. That specific or varietal names derived from persons or 
places, or used as the genitive of generic names or substantives, 
are to be printed with a capital initial letter. 

4. That no comma is to be inserted between the specific or 
varietal name and the name of the author cited. 

3. Rules for Exhibition. 

In order to guide societies in the formation of laws governing 
the exhibition of horticultural products, the codes of three 
prominent societies are here inserted as samples. 

1. AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY RULES. 

For Exhibitors. 

1. A plate of fruit must contain six specimens — no more, no 
less — except in the case of single varieties not included in col- 
lections. 

2. To insure examination by the proper committees, all fruits 
must be correctly and distinctly labeled, and placed upon the 
tables during the first day of the exhibition. 

3. The duplication of varieties in a collection will not be per- 
mitted. 

4. In all cases of fruits intended to be examined and reported 
by committees, the name of the exhibitor, together with a com- 
plete list of the varieties exhibited by him, must be delivered to 



202 horticulturist's rule-book. 

the secretary of the society on or before the first day of the 
exhibition. 

6. The exhibitor will receive from the secretary an entry- 
card, which must be placed with the exhibit, when arranged for 
exhibition, for the guidance of committees. 

6. All articles placed upon the tables for exhibition must 
remain in charge of the society till the close of the exhibition, 
to be removed sooner only upon express permission of the per- 
son or persons in charge, 

7. Fruits or other articles intended for testing, or to be given 
away to visitors, spectators, or others, will be assigned a sepa- 
rate hall, room, or tent, in which they may be dispensed at the 
pleasure of the exhibitor, who will not, however, be permitted to 
sell and deliver articles therein, or to call attention to them in a 
boisterous or disorderly manner. 

For the Guidance of Examining and Awarding Committees. 

1. In estimating the comparative values of collections of 
fruits, committees are instructed to base such estimates strictly 
upon the varieties in such collections which shall have been 
correctly named by the exhibitor prior to action thereon by the 
committee on nomenclature. 

2. In instituting such comparison of value, committees are 
instructed to consider : 1st, the values of the varieties for the 
purposes to which they may be adapted ; 2d, the color, size, and 
evenness of the specimens ; 3d, their freedom from the marks 
of insects and from other blemishes ; 4th, the apparent careful- 
ness in handling, and the taste displayed in the arrangement of 
the exhibit. 

2. MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY RULES. 

Special Bules of the Fruit Committee. — 1. All collections 
and single dishes of fruit offered for prizes at any exhibition 
must have marked upon the cards the numbers of the prizes for 
which they are offered. 

2. All fruits offered for premiums must be correctly named. 



RULES. 203 

Indefinite appellations, such as " Pippin," "Sweeting," "Green- 
ing," etc., will not be considered as names. 

3. All fruits offered for premiums must be composed of 
exactly the number of specimens or quantity named in the 
schedule. A "dish " of apples, pears, peaches, plums, nectar- 
ines, quinces, figs, apricots, etc., is understood to contain twelve 
specimens, and this number will be required of all fruits when 
not otherwise specified. 

4. The whole quantity required of any one variety of fruit 
must be shown in a single dish or basket. 

5. Contributors of fruits for exhibitions or prizes must present 
the same in the society's dishes. All small fruits must be shown 
in baskets, not more than an inch and three-quarters in depth, 
which will be furnished to the exhibitors by the superintendent, 
at cost. Market-baskets will not be allowed on the tables. 

6. No person can compete for more than one prize with the 
same variety or varieties of fruit, except that a single dish may 
be of the same variety — but not the same specimens — as one 
of a collection ; and also that the same variety — but not the 
same specimens — may compete for both special and regular 
prizes. 

7. Grapes grown on girdled vines cannot compete for a 
premium. 

8. All fruits offered for prizes [exceptions noted], and those 
for foreign grapes must be of outdoor culture. 

The Fruit Committee, in making its awards, will consider 
the flavor, beauty, and size of the specimens, comparing each of 
these properties with a fair standard of the variety. The 
adaptation of the variety to general cultivation will also be 
taken into account. Other things being equal, specimens most 
nearly in perfection as regards ripeness will have the preference. 

Special Bides of the Vegetable Committee. — 1. The speci- 
mens offered must be well-grown, and placed on the tables 
clean, correctly labeled, and fully complying with the Rules and 
Regulations of the society. 

2. Special gratuities will be awarded for well-grown varieties 
from under glass, previous to the opening exhibition. 



204 horticulturist's rule-book. 

3. All vegetables offered for premiums must be composed of 
exactly the number of specimens or quantity named in the 
schedule. 

4. All vegetables offered for premiums at any exhibition must 
have marked upon the cards the numbers of the prizes for which 
they are offered. 

5. Prizes will not be awarded when the articles are judged 
unworthy. 

6. Non-compliance with the rules will cause the rejection ol 
the articles offered for premium. 

/Special Bules of the Flower Committee. — 1. All named 
varieties of plants or flowers exhibited for premiums must have 
the name legibly and correctly written on stiff card, wood, op 
some other permanent substance ; and each separate plant or 
flower must have its name attached. 

2. All plants, flowers, bouquets, designs, etc., offered for 
prizes at any exhibition, must have marked upon the cards the 
numbers of the prizes for ivhich they are offered. 

3. Plants in pots, to be entitled to prizes, must evince skillful 
culture in the profusion of bloom, and the beauty, symmetry, 
and vigor of the specimens. 

4. All exhibitors not strictly complying with the above rules 
will be excluded from competition for premiums. 

5. No gratuities will be awarded on other than regular prize 
days, except for objects of special merit. 

3. MICHIGAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY RULES. 

For Exhibitors. — Entries may be made for exhibition with- 
out competition ; and, if worthy, the awarding committee is 
expected to notice them properly in its reports. 

No article entered for competition in one class will be per- 
mitted to compete for a premium in any other, except as here- 
inafter expressly provided. 

Each entry of collection of fruits must be accompanied by a 
correct list of the varieties of each class of fruits, named in the 
order of their maturity as nearly as may be. No premiums 
will be awarded in the absence of such list. 



RULES. 205 

Fruits will be valued by committees according to their adapta- 
tion to the requirements under which they are entered. A 
really superior dessert fruit, if entered in a market collection, 
can only receive credit for its value for the market, as given in 
the society's catalogue ; and, vice versa, market varieties found 
in a dessert or family collection must be adjudged by their 
proper value for family purposes. 

A plate of fruit, unless otherwise specified, must contain five 
specimens — no more, no less. Of those usually designated 
'^ small fruits," the exhibit must be one pint of each variety. 
Of crab-apples and plums, one dozen of each variety. Of dried 
fruits, one quart of each separate variety or article. Jellies, 
canned, pickled, and preserved fruits may be entered and shown 
in glass vessels of such character and capacity as are commonly 
employed for family or market purposes. 

Flowers, plants, evergreens, and such other articles as the 
fancy of the exhibitor may suggest, may be freely employed in 
the ornamentation of exhibits, in any manner that shall not 
essentially interfere with the examinations of committees or 
the general designs of decoration ; and full weight will be given 
to such ornamentation by the awarding committees in render- 
ing their awards. 

The entry-card furnished by the secretary, specifying the 
class and number of the entry, must in all cases be placed in 
connection with the articles to which it appertains, as a guide 
to committees. 

Articles when entered, named, and arranged for exhibition 
will thenceforth be strictly under the control of the officers in 
charge of the exhibition, and neither exhibitors nor spectators 
will be permitted to handle them, except by permission of the 
proper officer. 

Any exhibitor having been awarded a premium upon an 
article, and removing the same prior to the close of the exhi- 
bition, without permission of the officer in charge, will by so 
doing forfeit his right to such premium. 

The name of the fruit should in no case appear on the entry- 
card, except only in the case of single plates or other single articles 



206 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Entry-cards, name-cards, and the cards of the committee on 
nomenclature, should, for the convenience of awarding commit- 
tees and other officers, be each of a different color, or otherwise 
printed in different-colored inks. 

Exhibitors will not be permitted to sell and deliver the arti- 
cles they may have entered for exhibition, or to bring fruit or 
any other article for the purpose of sale, on a penalty of for- 
feiture of all premiums, but such articles must remain in charge 
of the officers until the close of the exhibition. 

Any exhibitor interfering with awarding committees while in 
discharge of their duties, will be held, by so doing, to have for- 
feited all premiums. 

For Awarding Committees. — 1. The division superintendent 
will be a member and clerk of the awarding committee for his 
division. The remaining members of each committee will be 
selected with great care from the best Jiorticulturists of this 
and neighboring states. The names of such persons will not be 
made public until the time of the fair. 

2. Members of the awarding committee are requested to 
report to the president, at the secretary's office, on or before 
noon of the second day of the fair, that the places of those 
failing to report may be supplied. 

3. The president is chairman of the committee on nomencla- 
ture; but to expedite the business of correction the superin- 
tendent of each division will correct the nomenclature of his 
division, appealing to the chairman in all doubtful cases, and 
attaching the committee's card in all cases in which corrections 
are made. 

4. No exhibitor will be permitted to act on a committee in a 
class in which he shall exhibit for premiums. 

5. Members of the awarding committee are requested to 
report to the president, at the secretary's office, at 1 o'clock p.m., 
on Thursday, when they will receive their committee books, 
together with such explanations and instructions as may at the 
time seem needful. 

6. Upon conclusion of their labors, not later than the after- 
noon of Friday, awarding committees will deliver their reports 



RULES. 207 

to the president, who will examine them, and in case of insuffi- 
ciency or omission, will return them with instructions. When 
accepted by the president, they will be delivered to the secretary. 

7. When an exhibit is not deemed worthy of a premium, the 
committee will withhold the award. 

8. A majority of an awarding committee, when present, shall 
constitute a quorum, and of those present, the first on the list 
shall act as chairman, unless the committee shall arrange other- 
wise. 

9. Awarding committees, in estimating the comparative 
values of exhibits, are instructed to base such estimates strictly 
upon the varieties in such collections that shall be correctly 
labeled by the exhibitors prior to the corrections of the com- 
mittee on nomenclature. 

10. In awarding premiums upon any and all exhibits of fruits, 
committees will exclude any and all unlabeled and incorrectly 
labeled specimens, as well as duplicates, and consider : 1st, the 
value of the varieties for the required purpose, as given in the 
society's Catalogue of Fruits ; 2d, the color, size, and evenness 
of the specimens ; 3d, their freedom from the marks of insects 
and other blemishes ; 4th, the apparent carefulness in handling 
and the tastefulness of the exhibit, recollecting that the grada- 
tions of the catalogue call for perfect specimens. These grada- 
tions should, therefore, be correspondingly lowered in case of 
deficiencies or imperfections. A copy of the catalogue will, for 
this purpose, be furnished to each committee. In grading col- 
lections entered for family purposes, the dessert and culinary 
sub-columns should be consulted, and the gradation expressing 
the highest value taken. For market, the gradations of the 
market sub-column only should be employed. 

11. In the case of fruits not named in the catalogue, for the 
dessert, committees should consider ; 1st, quality ; 2d, beauty ; 
3d, size. For culinary uses : 1st, flavor ; 2d, texture ; 3d, size. 
For market : 1st, productiveness ; 2d, color ; 3d, handling qual- 
ities ; 4th, suitable, even size. 

12. The true and legitimate purpose of the premiums offered 
is to draw out the views of both exhibitors and committees 



208 horticulturist's rule-book. 

respecting the relative values, for the purposes specified, of the 
varieties included in the exhibits, 

13. The society desires to encourage the planting of only a 
sufficiently large variety of sorts for the desired purpose. Hence 
it is important that the committee, in their reports, specify, in 
the order of their value, the varieties upon w^hich the determi- 
nation of their awards is based. 

14. Useful and valuable varieties only are expected to influ- 
ence awards ; while indifferent sorts, even though large, showy, 
and attractive, should not for these reasons alone be held to add 
to the value of an exhibit, except, possibly, as a means of 
education. 

15. An important object of the society is to collect valuable 
information of a pomological character. Committees are there- 
fore requested to gather all the information possible from the 
exhibitors in their classes, and to make their reports as full as 
thne and circumstances will permit. 

16. The society desires to foster a free exercise by exhibitors 
of the principles of correct taste in the arrangement, display, 
and ornamentation of their exhibits. To this end, committees 
will give all reasonable and proper consideration to particulars of 
this character. 

4. REGISTRATION OF FLOWERS. 

Three societies now register new varietiss of plants in this 
country : American Chrysanthemum Society, American Car- 
nation Society, and American Rose Society. 

4. Scales of Points for Judging Fruits and Flowers. 

1. World's Fair Scale for Pomaceous Fruits (apples, 
pears, quinces) . — The following points were considered by the 
judges of pome fruits at the World's Fair, 1893 : Adaptability, 
size, form, color, evenness, blemishes, handling (i.e., how the 
specimens have been handled), maturity, arrangement, quantity. 

World's Fair Scale for Stone Fruits. — Size, form, 
color, tissue, pit or seeds, juice, sweet or dessert, acid or cook- 
ing, maturity, flavor. 



RULES. 209 

2. Canadian Score Cards, adopted by Ontario Fruit 
Growers' Association (Woolverton) : 

Plates of Apples and Pears. — Form, 10 ; size, 10 ; color, 10 •, 
freedom from blemishes, 20 ; uniformity, 20 ; quality, 30. 

General Collections of Apples and Pears. — Form, 1 ; size, 2 ; 
color, 2 ; freedom from blemishes, 3 ; uniformity, 2. 

Dessert Collections of Apples and Pears. — Form, 2 ; size, 1 ; 
color, 2 ; clearness, 3 ; uniformity, 2. 

Cooking Collections of Apples and Pears. — Perfection of 
form, 1 ; size, 3 ; color, 1 ; uniformity, 2 ; freedom from 
blemishes, 3. 

Plates of Grapes. — Flavor, 30; form of bunch, 10 ; size of 
bunch, 15 ; size of berry, 15 ; color, 10 ; firmness, 5 ; bloom, 5 ; 
freedom from blemishes, 10. 

Collections of Grapes. — Flavor, 3 ; form of bunch, 1 ; size 
of bunch, 1| ; size of berry, 1^ ; color, 1 ; firmness, \ ; bloom, \ ; 
freedom from blemishes, 1. 

3. Tomato (Bailey). — Score of a good variety: Vigor of 
plant, 5 ; earliness, 10 ; color of fruit, 5 ; solidity, 20 ; shape 
of fruit, 20 ; size, 10 ; flavor, 5 ; cooking qualities, 5 ; pro- 
ductiveness, 20. — 100. 

4. CALIFORNIA CITROUS SCALE ADOPTED BY CALIFORNIA STATE 
BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 

Oranges. 

The points to be considered are : Size, form, color, peel, 
weight, fiber, grain, seed, taste ; to be considered in order 
named. 

Counts (credits — points) to be units and tenths thereof, 
expressed decimally. Possible total of same to equal 100. 

1. Size, to 10 (Counts). 

Standards. — Large, 126's, 3} inches diameter; medium, 
176's, 2| inches diameter; small, 226's, 2| inches diameter; 
Tangerines, etc., 2 J inches diameter. 
p 



210 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Three-eighths inch excess of standard allowed (without dis- 
count) to "medium" and "small" fruit; h inch ditto to 
" large." One unit discount for each deficiency in any size. 

2. Form, to 5 (Counts). 

Standards. — Round, oval, ovate, pyriform. 

Discounts for lack of symmetry and for form blemishes. 
Navel marks not to be discounted, except when of abnormal 
size or of bad form. 

3. Color, to 15. 

Subdivisions. — Bloom, to 2; of peel, to 10; of flesh, to 3. 

Standard. — Bloom to be perceptible, and to be discounted 
according to degree of deficiency, or of injury thereto ; peel to 
be of rich, deep orange color, in natural condition, and to be 
discounted according to degree of deviation therefrom — one or 
more points. Rust, scale, and smut to be discounted 5 to 10 
points, and fruit that gives visible evidence of having been 
cleaned of the same to be subject to equal penalty. Also peel 
that has been rubbed or "polished," giving gloss at expense of 
breaking or pressing the oil cells, to suffer some discount. 
Flesh to be rich, clear, and uniform in any of the shades 
common to fine fruit. 

(Omit consideration of " Flesh Color" until after concluding 
Division 5, "Peel.") 

4. Weight, to 10. 

Standard. — Specific gravity 1 (equal to that of water) with 
buoyancy of | ounces allowed to "large^' fruit ; ^ ounce ditto 
to "medium," and \ ounce ditto to "small," all without 
discount. 

One point to be discounted for first h ounce of buoyancy in 
excess of allowance, and thereafter 2 points for each additional 
J ounce. 

Note. — Buoyancy may be easily determined by clasping 
apothecaries' weights to fruit with light rubber elastics, and 
then placing in water. 



RULES. 211 

5. Peel, to 10. 
Subdivisions. — Finish, to 3 j protective quality, to 7. 
Standards. — Of finish, smoothness and uniformity of surface 

and pleasant touch ; protective quality, firm and elastic texture ; 
abundant, compact, and unbroken oil cells ; and J to ^-^ inch 
thickness. 

Discount 1 point for first ^V inch above maximum or below 
minimum, and 2 points for second ditto — provided that for too 
long-picked and fully "cured" oranges the minimum shall be 
lowered to /j inch ; and that to fresh-picked and to slightly 
" cured " "large " fruit the maximum shall be raised to J inch. 

Breaking of oil cells, abrasions of peel, and drying of same, 
to be subject to 1 to 10 discounts according to degree. 

(Here consider "Color of Flesh." — See Division 3.) 

6. Fiber, to 8. 

Standards. — Septa delicate and translucent ; maximum 
diameter of core j\ inch in "large" fruit, and ^ ditto in 
others. 

7. Grain, to 4. 

Standards. — Fineness, firmness, compactness. 

8. Seed, to 8. 

Standard. — Absence of. 

Discount 1 point for each of first 3 seeds ; ditto thereafter 
I point for each additional. 

Each rudiment considered as a seed if any growth has been 
developed ; otherwise allowed without discount. 

9. Taste, to 30. 

Subdivisions. — Sweetness, to 10 ; citrous quality, to 10 ; 
aroma, to 10. 

Standards. — Clearness and definability of elements ; sweet- 
ness rich, delicate rather than heavy ; citrous quality pro- 
nounced ; aroma pervasive and agreeable. 

Deficiency or absence to be cause for discounts against any 



212 horticulturist's rule-book. 

element, and excess to be like cause against sweetness, and 
against acid in citrous quality. 

Staleness and flavors of age or of decay to be discounted 
from the aggregate of points in this division. 

Lemons. 

Size, form, color, weight, peel, fiber, grain, seed, taste. 
Rules of counts and discounts as in scale for oranges. 
Total of possible counts (points), 100. 

1. Size, to 7. 

Standards. — Large, 250's, 2| inches in diameter ; medium, 
300's, 2} inches diameter ; small, 360's, 1|^ inches diameter. 

All sizes between 250's and 300's allowed. 

Larger fruit to be discounted 1 point for each ^ inch in 
excess. Smaller to be discounted 1 point for 400's (1| inches), 
and 4 points for 450's (1^ inches). 

2. Form, to 2. 

Standard. — Oblong, with allowance of well-formed points 
at stem and tip. Symmetry required. 

3. Color, to 10. 

Standard. — Bright, clear lemon. 

Discounts according to degree for green splashes, dashes of 
bronze, or deep shades or for sunburn. 

Rust, scale, and smut, with fruit that gives evidence of having 
been cleaned of the same, to be discounted 5 to 10 counts. 

Rubbing or dusting, if heavy enough to press oil from the 
cells, to be causes for discount. 

4. Weight, to 10. 

Standard. — Specific gravity 1 (equal to that of water), with 
buoyancy of ^ ounce allowed to "large" lemons, and J ounce 
to " medium and small," all without discount. 

One point to be discounted for first ^ ounce excess of allow- 
ance, and 2 for each ] ounce thereafter. 



RULES. 213 



5. Peel, to 10. 

SuMivisions. — Finish, to 3 ; protective quality, to 7. 

Standard. — For protective quality to be strong, elastic, and 
reasonably firm texture ; abundant, compact, and unbroken oil 
cells, and thickness of 3^2 to j\ inch. 

To be discounted 2 counts for first 3V inch below minimum, 
and 5 counts for second ditto ; and 1 count for first -^^ above 
maximum, and 2 for each succeeding ditto. 

Fresh picked lemons not allowed. 

6. Fiber, to 8. 

Standard. — Septa delicate and translucent. Core not to 
exceed -^^ inch in "large," and ^ inch in "medium" and 
"small" fruit. 

7. Grain, to 4. 

Standards. — Fineness, firmness, compactness. 

To be water-colored, shading to blue rather than to gray. 

8. Seed, to 8. 

Standard. — Absence of. 

One point to be discounted for each of first three seeds, and 
^ point thereafter for each additional. 

Rudiments to be considered as seed if any growth has been 
developed ; otherwise allowed without discount. 

9. Taste, to 40. 

Subdivisions. — Acidity, to 20 ; aroma, to 10 ; absence of 
bitterness, to 10. 

In interstate competitions the standard of acidity shall be 
the highest per cent of strength of acid found in any fruit, 
determined by chemical test. In other competitions such tests 
may be applied as committees or competitors may require. 

Aroma shall be full and of clear quality. 

Bitterness to be determined by slicing the fruit (including 
peel) thin, covering with hot water, and cooling slowly ; to stand 
24 hours when practicable. (No sugar to be used.) Should a 



214 horticulturist's rule-book. 

trace of bitterness appear to the taste, discount 1 point ; should 
this be fairly defined, discount 2 points ; if pronounced, dis- 
count 5 points, and if strong^ 10 points. 

5. FLOWER SCORES. 

« 

Chrysanthemum Scales of the Massachusetts Horti- 
cultural Society. — 1. Size and form of plants, 25 ; size of 
bloom, 20 ; general effect, 30 ; foliage, 25. 

2. Size and form of plant, 40 ; size of bloom, 30 ; foliage, 30. 

Newport Chrysanthemum Scale. — Size of bloom and 
quality, 30 ; size of plants, 30 ; foliage, 20 ; distinctness of 
form and color, 10 ; general effect, 10. 

F. Schuyler Mathew's Scale for the Judgment of 
Excellence in Floral Design. — Adaptability to purpose, 
35 ; color harmony, 25 ; composition, 25 ; excellence of 
material, 15. 

Chicago Scale for Floral Arrangement. — Adaptability 
for purpose intended, 45 ; arrangement and effect, 35 ; quantity 
of material, 20. 

H. H. Battles' Scale for Floral Designs (50 points). — 
Color, general effect, grace, practicability, quality of flowers, 
each 10. 



^ CHAPTER XVII. 

POSTAL AND IMPOST REGULATIONS. 
I Classes of Domestic Mail Matter, and Rates. 

First Class. — Letters, postal cards, and matter wholly oi 
partly in writing, whether sealed or unsealed (except manu- 
script copy accompanying proof-sheets or corrected proof-sheets 
of the same), and all matter sealed or otherwise closed against 
inspection. 

Bate. — Two cents per ounce or fraction thereof. Postal 
cards, one cent each. On " drop " letters, two cents per ounce 
or fraction thereof, when mailed at letter-carrier ofl&ce ; and 
one cent per ounce or fraction thereof at other offices. 

Second Class. — Newspapers and publications issued at 
stated intervals as often as four times a year, bearing a date of 
issue and numbered consecutively, issued from a known office 
of publication, and formed of printed sheets, without board, 
cloth, leather, or other substantial binding. Such publications 
must be originated and published for the dissemination of in- 
formation of a public character, or devoted to literature, the 
sciences, art, or some special industry. They must have a 
legitimate list of subscribers, and must not be designed 
primarily for advertising purposes, or for free circulation at 
nominal rates. 

Rate. — One cent per pound or fraction thereof when sent 
by publisher thereof and from office of publication, including 
sample copies, or when sent from news agency to actual sub- 
scribers or other news agents. 

One cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof on news- 
papers and periodical publications of second class, when sent 
by other than publisher or news agent. 

215 



216 horticulturist's rule-book. 

One cent each on newspapers (excepting weeklies) and peri- 
odicals not exceeding two ounces in weight, when deposited in 
letter-carrier office for delivery by carrier ; two cents each on 
periodicals weighing more than two ounces. 

One cent per pound on newspapers, other than weeklies, and 
periodicals when deposited by publisher or news agent in letter- 
carrier office for general or box delivery ; one cent for four 
ounces or fraction thereof when deposited by other than pub- 
lishers or news agents for general or box delivery. 

One cent per pound or fraction thereof on weekly newspapers 
deposited by publisher or news agent in letter-carrier office for 
letter or box delivery, or delivery by carrier. 

Free when one copy is sent to each actual subscriber residing 
in county where same are printed, in whole or in part, and pub- 
lished ; but at rate of one cent per pound when delivered at 
letter-carrier office, or distributed by carriers. 

Third Class. — Books, circulars, and pamphlets, and matter 
wholly in print (not included in second class), proof-sheets, 
corrected proof-sheets, and manuscript copy accompanying the 
same. 

"Printed matter" is the reproduction upon paper, by any 
process except that of handwriting, of any words, letters, 
characters, figures, or images, or of any combination thereof, 
not having the character of an actual and personal correspond- 
ence. 

A " circular " is a printed letter, which, according to internal 
evidence, is being sent in identical terms to several persons. It 
is permissible to write, in circulars, the date, the name of the 
person addressed, or of the sender, and to correct mere typo- 
graphical errors. 

Seeds, bulbs, roots, cions, and plants are also mailable at the 
rate of third-class postage, such as samples of wheat or other 
grain in its natural condition, seedling potatoes, beans, peas, 
acorns, etc. Cut flowers and botanical specimens go as fourth 
class. 

Bate. — One cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof. 

Fourth Class. — Merchandise ; namely, all matter not em- 



POSTAL AND IMPOST REGULATIONS. 217 

braced in the other three classes, and which is not in its form 
or nature liable to destroy, deface, or otherwise damage the 
contents of the mail bag, or harm the person of any one 
engaged in the postal service, and not above the weight pro- 
vided by law. Includes artificial flowers, cut flowers, dried 
plants, botanical and geological specimens, samples of flour or 
other manufactured grain for food purposes, blank address 
tags or labels, queen bees when properly packed, dried fruit. 
Bate. — One cent per ounce or fraction thereof. 

2. Foreign Postage. 

To Canada, Newfoundland, and Mexico, the rates are mostly 
the same as domestic postage. Seeds and plants to Canada are 
one cent an ounce. 

In the Universal Postal Union, which includes nearly all the 
countries of the world, rates are as follows : 

Letters, \ ounce - 5 cents 

Postal cards, single, each 2 " 

Newspaper and other printed matter, per 2 ounces . 1 cent 
Commercial papers, same as " printed matter," except 

that lowest rate is 5 cents 

Samples of merchandise, same as " printed matter," 

except that lowest rate is 2 " 

Registration fee 8 " 

3. Unmailable Matter. 

Held for Postage. — Domestic matter of first class on which 
two cents has not been prepaid, and all other domestic matter 
not fully prepaid. 

Misdirected. — Matter without address, or so incorrectly, in- 
sufficiently, or ineligibly addressed that it cannot be forwarded 
to destination, including "nixies" or matter not addressed to 
a post-office, or addressed to a post-office without the name of 
the state being given, or otherwise so incorrectly, illegibly, or 
insufficiently addressed that it cannot be transmitted. 

Destructive. — Matter of a harmful nature, poisons, explosive 



218 horticulturist's rule-book. 

or inflammable articles, live animals, or dead animals not stuffed, 
fruits or vegetable matter liable to decomposition, comb-honey, 
guano, articles exhaling a bad odor, vinous, spirituous, and.malt 
liquors, liquids liable to explosion, spontaneous combustion, or 
ignition by shock or jar (for example, kerosene oil, naphtha, 
benzine, turpentine, etc.). Bees and dried insects or reptiles 
must be so put up as not to injure any one handling the mails, 
nor to soil mail bags or their contents. 

Disease Germs. — Discharges of any kind from diseased 
persons, no matter how securely put up. 

Coin and Jewelry. — Coin, jewelry, and other precious articles 
prohibited by postal treaty from being sent in the mails to for- 
eign countries. 

Scurrilous Matter. — Matter upon the envelope or outside 
cover or wrapper of which, or any postal card upon which, any 
delineations, epithets, terms, or language of an indecent, lewd, 
lascivious, obscene, libelous, scurrilous, defamatory, or threaten- 
ing character, or calculated by the terms, or manner or style of 
display, and obviously intended to reflect injuriously upon the 
character or conduct of another, may be written or printed. 

Obscene Matter. — Every obscene, lewd, or lascivious book, 
pamphlet, picture, paper, letter, writing, print, or other publica- 
tion of an indecent character, and every article or thing designed 
or intended for the prevention of conception or procuring of 
abortion, and every article or thing intended or adapted for any 
indecent or immoral use, and every written or printed card, 
letter, circular, book, pamphlet, advertisement, or notice of any 
kind giving information, directly or indirectly, where or how or 
of whom, or by what means any of the hereinbefore-mentioned 
matters, articles, or things may be obtained or made. 

Lottery Matter. — Letters and circulars known to be concern- 
ing lotteries, gift-concerts, etc., or concerning any scheme 
devised and ^intended to receive and defraud the public for the 
purpose of obtaining money under false pretenses. 

3Iutilated. — Matter recovered from wrecked or burned mail 
cars or vessels, or matter damaged so that it cannot be for- 
warded to destination. All matter found loose in the mails, 



POSTAL AND IMPOST REGULATIONS. 219 

separated from the wrapper, label, or envelope containing the 
address, so that the direction cannot be known ; and the matter 
recovered from depredations on the mails and to be restored to 
the owners upon due proof of ownership. 

Excess of Weight and Size. — Packages of domestic third and 
fourth class matter, weighing more than four pounds (except 
single books and official matter emanating from the Depart- 
ments at Washington), and of foreign matter in excess of 
weight or size fixed by stipulation of postal treaty. 

4. Customs Regulations on Various Horticultural Products. 

Act of Aug. 28, 189U. 

Duties. — Garden and agricultural seeds, not specially pro- 
vided for, 10 per cent ad valorem. 

Vegetables in natural state, not specially provided for, 10 
per cent ad valorem. 

Apples green, ripe, or dried, dates, pineapples, grapes, olives 
green or prepared, fruits preserved in their own juices, peanuts, 
cocoanuts, 20 per cent ad valorem. 

Oranges, lemons, and limes, in packages, at fate of 8 cents 
per cubic foot of capacity; in bulk, $1.50 per thousand; and 
in addition thereto a duty of 30 per cent ad valorem upon the 
bdXes or barrels. 

Plums, prunes, figs, raisins, and other dried grapes, including 
Zante cun-ants, 1 \ cents per pound. 

Almonds, unshelled, 3 cents per pound ; shelled, 5 cents per 
pound. Filberts and walnuts, unshelled, 2 cents per pound ; 
shelled, 4 cents per pound. 

Orchids, lily of the valley, azaleas, palms, and other plants 
used for forcing under glass for cut flowers or decorative pur- 
poses, 10 per cent ad valorem. 

Free List. — Cabbages, cider, coffee, green peas in bulk or 
barrels or sacks, nursery stock, yams ; seeds as follows : anise, 
canary, caraway, cardamom, coriander, cotton, croton, cummin, 
fennel, fenugreek, hemp, hoarhound, mustard, rape, St. John's 
bread or bene, sugar beet, mangel-wurzel, sorghum or sugar cane 
for seed, and all flower and grass seed. Bulbs and roots not edible 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

THE ^AT'EATHER. 
X. Barometer Indications. 

Stationary barometer indicates continuance of the present 
weather. 
- Slowly rising barometer usually indicates fair weather. 

Slowly falling barometer indicates the approach of a severe 
storm. One-fifth to one-third of an inch is sufficient fall to give 
indications. 

Sudden rise of the barometer indicates the approach of a 
storm or the breaking-up of an existing storm. 

Sudden fall of the barometer indicates high winds and prob- 
able rain. 

When areas of low and high barometer are near together, 
heavy gales may be expected. 

2. Popular Weather Signs. 

Long lines of clouds extending up the sky from a common 
starting-point often foretell a storm from that quarter. 

When the fleecy or cirrus clouds settle down into horizontal 
bars or ribs in the upper sky, wet and foul weather may be ex> 
pected. This is the " mackerel sky." 

Tf contiguous clouds move in various directions, rain is likely 
to follow soon. 

When small black clouds scud over an overcast sky, heavy 
rain and bad weather may be expected. 

Cumulus clouds that preserve a well-rounded form and float 
high in the air indicate fair weather. 

Anvil-shaped cumulus clouds usually indicate thunderstorms. 

220 



THE WEATHER. 221 

In spring and fall, rain is often indicated by a dense bank of 
gray clouds in the east, in front of which are little shoals of 
blackish clouds. 

Cirro-cumulus clouds — like bunches and fleeces of wool 
scattered high in the sky — are indications of still and dry 
weather. 

When the rays of the rising sun shoot far up into the sky, 
fair weather may be expected. 

When the ray-like shadows of clouds overlie a hazy sky in the 
vicinity of the sun, rain is apt to follow. This is expressed in 
the phrase "the sun drawing water." 

Gaudy hues of blue and purple at sunset prophesy rain and 
wind. 

A bright red sunset means fair weather for the morrow. 

A pale and diffuse sun at setting portends a storm. 

If the sun sets in subdued purple and the zenith is pale blue, 
fair weather may be expected. 

A deep red morning sky is usually followed by bad weather. 

A rosy or gray morning sky means good weather. 

A sonorous condition of the atmosphere foretells rain. 

A bank of cloud across the southern horizon in winter indi- 
cates snow. It is frequently called the "snow-bank." 

If the sun rises clear but becomes overcast within half an 
hour, prepare for rain. 

A halo about the moon indicates a rain storm. 

If the sky is white or yellowish-white nearly to the zenith 
after sunset, prepare for rain soon. 

Strong east winds indicate a storm. 

Haziness is indicative of dry weather. It is due to dust in 
the atmosphere. 

Vv^hen haziness suddenly disappears and the sun sets pale and 
the sky is very clear, rain is probable. 

When stars twinkle with unusual prominence, rain may be 
expected. 

Heavy dew indicates fair weather. 

Absence of dew for two or three mornings in succession in 
summer is a precursor of rain. 



222 horticulturist's rule-book. 



3. Frosts. 

To Predict Frost (Kedzie). — 1. When the sunshine is very 
hot and the shade very cold and the shadows very deep, " there 
is frost in the air," because the air is very dry and radiation of 
heat little checked, 

2. When the dew-point is more than 10° Fahrenheit above 
frost-point (32°), there is little danger of frost, but when it is 
less than this, frost may be expected. To find approximately 
the temperature of dew-point when the temperature of the air 
is between 45° and 65° Fahrenheit, multiply the difference 
between the wet-bulb and dry -bulb thermometers by two and 
subtract the product from temperature of dry -bulb. If the re- 
mainder is above 42° Fahrenheit, there is little danger of frost. 
The nearer this remainder comes to 32°, the greater the danger 
of frost, especially it the air is still and clouds disappear at 
sunset. 

The dew-point is determined by the wet and dry bulb ther- 
mometer (or psychrometer). The instrument may be made as 
follows : For the frame take a board 18 inches long, 2 inches 
wide, and i inch thick, with a hole bored in one end to hang the 
apparatus on a nail when not in use. Get two all-glass ther- 
mometers with cylindrical bulbs, and the degrees Fahrenheit 
engraved on the stem. Cover the bulb of one thermometer 
with a thin piece of cotton cloth, fastening it securely by 
a thread. When this cloth covering is wet with water and 
exposed to evaporation in the air, it constitutes the "wet-bulb 
thermometer"; the other thermometer has no covering on its 
bulb, is not wet at any time, and constitutes the "dry-bulb 
thermometer." 

The range of temperature of the open air in this table is 
from 36° Fahrenheit to 75° Fahrenheit, and of depression of 
temperature in the wet bulb, from 1° to 13° Fahrenheit, giving 
a range in both directions of sufficient scope for the needs of 
Northern farmers during the growing season. The tempera- 
ture of the dry-bulb (or open air temperature) is found in 
the left-hand column of the table; the difference in degrees 



THE WEATHER. 



223 



Table for determining the Temperature of Dew-point 
FROM THE Readings of the Dry and Wet Bulb Ther- 
mometers (Hazen). 









Depression of the "Wet-bulb ' 


Fhebmometeb. 






1* 


8° 


3' 


4' 


5° 


6' 


r 


8° 


9° 


10' 


IV 


18' 


13' 


75» . . . . 


74 


72 


71 


69 


68 


66 


64 


63 


61 


59 


57 


56 


54 


74° ... . 


73 


71 


70 


68 


67 


65 


63 


62 


60 


58 


56 


54 


52 


73' 


72 


70 


69 


67 


66 


64 


62 


61 


59 


57 


55 


53 


51 


72' 


71 


69 


68 


66 


64 


63 


61 


59 


58 


56 


54 


52 


50 


71' 


70 


68 


67 


65 


63 


62 


60 


58 


56 


55 


53 


51 


48 


70' 


69 


67 


66 


64 


62 


61 


59 


57 


55 


53 


51 


49 


47 


69' 


68 


66 


64 


63 


61 


59 


58 


56 


54 


52 


50 


48 


46 


68' 


67 


65 


63 


62 


60 


58 


57 


55 


53 


51 


49 


46 


44 


67' 


66 


64 


62 


61 


59 


57 


55 


54 


52 


50 


47 


45 


43 


66° ... , 


64 


63 


61 


60 


58 


56 


54 


52 


50 


48 


46 


44 




65' 


63 


62 


60 


59 


57 


56 


53 


51 


49 


47 


45 


42 


Ul 


64' 


62 


61 


59 


57 


56 


54 


52 


50 


48 


46 


43 




UO 


63' 


61 


60 


58 


56 


55 


53 


51 


49 


47 


44 


42 


Ul 


38 


62' 


60 


59 


57 


55 


53 


52 


50 


48 


45 


43 




39 


37 


61' 


59 


58 


56 


54 


52 


50 


48 


46 


44 


42 


Ul 


38 


35 


60' 


58 


57 


55 


53 


51 


49 


47 


45 


43 




39 


36 


33 


59' 


57 


56 


54 


52 


50 


48 


46 


44 




UO 


38 


35 


32 


6S' 


56 


55 


53 


51 


49 


47 


45 


42 


Ul 


39 


36 


33 


SO 


57' 


55 


54 


52 


50 


48 


46 


44 




UO 


37 


35 


31 


28 


56' 


54 


53 


51 


49 


47 


44 


42 


Ul 


39 


36 


S3 


30 


26 


55' ... 


53 


52 


50 


48 


46 


43 




UO 


37 


3U 


31 


28 


25 


54' 


52 


50 


49 


46 


44 


42 


Ul 


39 


36 


33 


30 


27 


23 


58* 


51 


49 


47 


45 


43 




UO 


37 


3U 


31 


28 


25 


20 


52' ... . 


50 


48 


46 


44 


42 


Ul 


38 


36 


33 


30 


27 


23 


18 


51' 


49 


47 


45 


43 




UO 


37 


3U 


31 


28 


25 


21 


16 


50' 


48 


46 


44 


42 


Ul 


38 


36 


33 


30 


27 


23 


19 


lU 


49' 


47 


45 


43 




UO 


37 


3U 


31 


28 


25 


21 


17 


11 


48' ... . 


46 


44 


42 


Ul 


38 


36 


33 


30 


27 


23 


19 


lU 


9 


47' 


45 


43 




UO 


37 


35 


32 


29 


25 


22 


17 


12 


6 


46' 


44 


42 


Ul 


39 


36 


33 


30 


27 


2U 


20 


15 


10 


3 


45' 


43 




UO 


37 


35 


32 


29 


26 


22 


18 


13 


7 


-1 


44* 


42 


Ul 


39 


36 


33 


30 


27 


2U 


20 


16 


11 


U 


-5 






ko 


37 


35 


32 


29 


26 


23 


19 


lU 


8 


1 


-9 


43' 


Ul 


39 


36 


3U 


31 


28 


25 


21 


17 


12 


6 


-2 


-15 


42' 


UO 


38 


35 


33 


29 


26 


23 


19 


15 


9 


3 


-6 


-22 


41' 


39 


36 


3U 


31 


28 


25 


22 


17 


13 


7 





-11 


-32 


40' 


38 


35 


S3 


30 


27 


2U 


20 


16 


11 


U 


-U 


-16 


-7A 


39' 


37 


3U 


32 


29 


26 


22 


18 


lU 


8 


2 


-8 


-23 




38' 


36 


33 


31 


28 


2U 


21 


17 


12 


6 


-1 


-12 


-35 




37' 


35 


32 


29 


26 


23 


19 


15 


10 


U 


-5 


-17 






36' 


3k 


31 


28 


25 


22 


18 


13 


8 


1 


-8 


-25 







224 horticulturist's rule-book. 

between the readings of the dry and wet bulb is entered in 
the horizontal line at the top, from 1° to 13°. To find the 
temperature of dew-point at any observation, find in left-hand 
column the temperature of diiy-bulb, then follow the horizontal 
line opposite that figure till you reach the perpendicular col- 
umn under the difference between dry and wet bulb readings, 
and the figures at the meeting of these two columns will give 
the temperature of dew-point. For example, suppose the dry- 
bulb stands at 65° and wet-bulb at 55°, the difference is 10°. 
Pass across the page in the line of 65° till you intersect the 
vertical column under 10° and you read 47°, which is dew-point 
under these conditions. If the dew-point is 10° or more above 
frost-point (32° Fahrenheit), there is no danger of killing 
frost ; but if the dew-point is less than 10° above 32°, danger 
may be apprehended. If a line is drawn from the intersection 
of 43° — 1° and 67°— 13°, of the table, this may be called the 
danger line, and all dew-point temperatures below this line 
indicate danger of frost, and are printed in italics. This mar- 
gin of 10° is taken because the temperature on a still night 
will sink a few degrees below the first dew-point, and the 
temperature of the air at 5 feet above the ground is several 
degrees above that at ground level. For these reasons com- 
bined a margin of 10° may be safely assumed as the limit of 
safety. 

To Protect Plants from Light Frosts. —1. Make a smudge 
in the garden or vineyard at night when the frost is expected. 
Rubbish or litter and tar make the best smudge. 2. Syringe 
the plants thoroughly at night-fall. 

" If the farmer is forewarned of the approach of a still frost, 
he may do something to avert the calamity. The conservative 
influence of watery vapor is the most hopeful means of pro- 
tection, and sometimes trivial causes of this class will produce 
surprising results. The old plan of ' a tub of water under the 
fruit tree, and a rope reaching from the tub into the branches,' 
may serve a useful purpose. The evaporation from the water 
in the tub and of the water carried up by capillary action in 
the rope may spread the protecting folds of the water blanket 



THE WEATHER. 225 

over the tree. Such appliances, while of some use for a small 
garden, would be futile for a farm. 

" If the hoed crops of the farm are cultivated with reference 
to securing a constant supply of moisture in the upper soil, — 
to draw by capillary action of the soil upon the reservoir of 
water in the subsoil, and at the same time keep the surface soil 
in such condition as to prevent the too rapid dissipation of soil 
moisture, — the fields may be saved from frost by a covering as 
impalpable as air but as effectual as eider-down. Here is a 
conservatism of highest importance for both farmer and fruit 
grower. " — Kedzie. 

4. Signals of the United States Weather Bureau. 

A. FLAG SIGNALS. 

No. 1, square white flag, alone, indicates fair weather, station- 
ary temperature. 

No. 2, square blue flag, alone, indicates rain or snow, station- 
ary temperature. 

No. 3, square, white above, blue below, alone, indicates local 
rain, stationary temperature. 

No. 4, triangular black, refers to temperature. 

No. 5, square white, with black c^ter, cold wave. 

No. 1 , with No. 4 above it, indicates fair weather, warmer. 

No. 1, with No. 4 below it, indicates fair weather, colder. 

No. 2, with No. 4 above it, indicates warmer weather, rain or 
snow. 

No. 2, with No. 4 below it, indicates colder weather, rain or 
snow. 

No. 3, with No. 4 above it, indicates warmer weather with local 
rains. 

No. 3, with No. 4 below it, indicates colder weather with local 
rains. 

No. 1, with No. 5 below it, indicates fair weather, cold, 
wave. 

No. 2, with No. 5 below it, indicates wet weather, cold 
wave. 

Q 



226 horticulturist's rule-book. 



B. WHISTLE SIGNALS. 

The warning signal, to attract attention, will be a long blast 
of from fifteen to twenty seconds' duration. After this warning 
signal has been sounded, long blasts (of from four to six seconds' 
duration) refer to weather, and short blasts (of from one to 
three seconds' duration) refer to temperature ; those for weather 
to be sounded first. 

Blasts. Indicate. 

One long Fair weather. 

Two long Rain or snow. 

Three long Local rains. 

One short Lower temperature. 

Two short Higher temperature. 

Three short Cold wave. 

Interpretation of combination blasts. 

One long, alone Fair weather, station- 
ary temperature. 

Two long, alone Rain or snow, station- 
ary temperature. 

One long and short Fair weather, lower 

temperature. 

Two long and two short Rain or snow, higher 

temperature. 

One long and three short Fair weather, cold 

wave. 

Three long and two short Local rains, higher 

temperature. 

By repeating each combination a few times, with an interval 
of ten seconds between, possibilities of error in reading the 
forecasts will be avoided, such as may arise from variable winds, 
or failure to hear the warning signal. 

5. Phenology. 

Phenology (contraction of phenomenology) is that science 
which considers the relationship of local climate to the peri- 



THE WEATHER. 227 

odicity of the annual phenomena of nature. It usually studies 
climate and the progression of the seasons in terms of plant and 
animal life, as the dates of migrations, of blooming, leafing, 
ripening of fruit, defoliation, and the like. If observations are 
to have permanent value, they must be taken with a definite 
purpose. The particular objects of phenological observations 
are the following : 

1. To determine the general oncoming of spring. 

2. To determine the fitful or variable features of spring. 

3. To determine the epoch of the full activity of the advanc- 
ing season. 

4. To determine the active physiological epoch of the year. 

5. To determine the maturation of the season. 

6. To determine the oncoming of the decline of fall. 

7. To determine the approach of winter. 

8. To determine the featiu-es of the winter epoch. 

9. To determine the fleeting or fugitive epochs of the year. 

Good phenological observations upon plants should satisfy 
the following tests, as given by Hoffmann : 

1. They should represent as broad a distribution as possible 
of the given species, selected for observation. 

2. Ease and certainty of identifying the definite phases 
which are to be observed. 

3. The utility of the observations as regards biological ques- 
tions, such as the vegetative periods, time of ripening, etc. 

4. Representation of the entire vegetation period. 

5. Consideration of those species which are found in almost 
all published observations, and especially of those whose devel- 
opment is not influenced by momentary or accidental* circum- 
stances, as is the dandelion. 

The epochs of vegetation which should be observed for most 
phenological purposes are these : 

1 . Upper surface of the leaf first visible or spread open. 

2. First blossoms open. 



228 



horticulturist's rule-book. 



3. First fruit ripe. 

4. All leaves, or more than half of them, colored. 

Typical and average plants should always be selected for 
observation, and they should be few in number. A dozen well- 
selected species will afford more satisfactory records, year by 
year, than observations made at random upon a great variety of 
plants. For the sudden moods of spring, the peach and dande- 
lion are useful for observation, but such plants — those which 
respond quickly to every fitful variation of the early season — 
are not reliable for the staple records of the years. Useful 
plants for study are the following : 



Apple. 
Pear. 
Quince. 
Plum. 

Sweet Cherry, 
Sour Cherry. 
Peach. 

Choke Cherry. 
Wild Black Cherry. 
Japanese or Flowering Quince. 
Cultivated Raspberry. 
Cultivated Blackberry. 



Cultivated Strawberry. 
Lilac. 

Mock Orange or Syringa. 
Horse Chestnut. 
Red-pith Elder. 
Common Elder. 
Flowering Dogwood. 
Native Basswood. 
Native Chestnuts. 
Privet or Prim. 
Red Currant. 
Cultivated Grape. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

LITERATURE. 
I. Some Current Books upon American Horticulture. 

A. GENERAL. 

Bailet, L. H. Annals of Horticulture in North America for 
the Year 1889. A Witness of Passing Events and a Record 
of Progress. Similar volumes for 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893. 
Rural Publishing Co. and Orange Judd Co. ^ 1 each. 

Bailey, L. H. Plant-Breeding. Five Lectures upon the Ame- 
lioration of Domestic Plants. Macmillan & Co. $1. 

Bailet, L. H. The Nursery-Book. A Complete Guide to the 
Multiplication and Pollination of Plants. Rural Publishing 
Co. $1. 

Barnard, Charles. My Handkerchief Garden. Rural Pub- 
lishing Co. 20 cents. 

Crozier, William, and Peter Henderson. How the Farm 
Pays. Peter Henderson & Co. $2.50. 

Fowler, A. B. Greenhouse Heating. Published by the 
author, Exeter, N.H. 75 cents. 

Fuller, A. S. The Propagation of Plants. Orange Judd Co. 
!^1.50. 

Gray, Asa. Field, Forest, and Garden Botany. Revised 
edition, by L. H. Bailey. American Book Co. 

Greenhouse Heating. Articles by various authors. Florist's 
Exchange, N.Y. 25 cents. 

Henderson, Peter. Garden and Farm Topics. Peter Hender- 
son & Co. $ 1. 

Henderson, Peter. Gardening for Pleasure. Orange Judd 



Co. $2. 



229 



230 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Henderson, Peter. Handbook of Plants. Henderson & Co. $4. 
LoDEMAN, E. G. The Spraying of Plants. Macmillan & Co- 

$L (Rural Science Series.) 
EoE,E.P. Play and Profit in My Garden. Orange Judd Co. $1.50 
RoE, E. P. The Home Acre. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. 
Sempers, F. W. Injurious Insects and the Use of Insecticides. 

W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia. $ 1. 
Stewart, Henry. Irrigation for the Farm, Garden, and 

Orchard. Orange Judd Co. $1.50. 
Taft, L. R. Greenhouse Construction. Orange Judd Co. 

$1.50. 
Treat, Mrs. Mary. Insects of the Farm and Garden. Orange 

Judd Co. $ 2. 
Weed, C. M. Fungi and Fungicides. Orange Judd Co. 
Weed, C. M. Insects and Insecticides. Published by the 

author, Hanover, N.H. $1.25. 
Weed, C. M. Spraying Crops. Rural Publishing Co. 50 cents. 

B. FLOWERS, ORNAMENTAL AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 

Allen, Charles L. Bulbs and Tuberous-rooted Plants. 

Orange Judd Co. $ 2. 
Barker, Michael. American Chrysanthemum Annual, 1895. 

Mayflower Publishing Co. $ 1. 
Campbell, Ella Grant. Floral Designs. $3.50. 
Elliott, F. R. Handbook of Practical Landscape Gardening. 

D. M. Dewey, Rochester. $1.50. 
Ellwanger, H. B. The Rose. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. 
Halliday, Robert J. Practical Azalea Culture. Publisli£d 

by the author, Baltimore. $ 2. 
Halliday, Robert J. Practical Camellia Culture. Published 

by the author, Baltimore. $ 2. 
Heinrich, Julius J. Window Flower Garden. Orange Judd 

Co. 75 cents. 
Henderson, Peter. Practical Floriculture. Orange Judd Co. 

$1.50. 
Henderson, Peter & Co. Bulb Culture. Peter Henderson 

& Co., New York. 25 cents. 



LITERATURE. 231 

Hunt, M. A. How to Grow Cut Flowers. Published by the 
author (deceased), Terre Haute, Ind. $2. 

HuTCHiNs, Rev. W. T. All about Sweet Peas. W. Atlee 
Burpee & Co., Philadelphia. 20 cents. 

Johnson, Rev. E. A. Winter Greeneries at Home. Orange 
Judd Co. $ 1. 

Kemp, Edward. How to Lay out a Garden (or Landscape 
Gardening). American edition. John Wiley & Son. 
$2.50. 

Lam BORN, L. L. American Carnation Culture. Published by 
the author, Alliance, Ohio. $1.50. 

Long, E. A. How to Plant a Place. Rural Publishing Co. 
20 cents. 

Long, E. A. Landscape Gardening (plans). Rural Publish- 
ing Co. 50 cents. 

Long, E. A. Ornamental Gardening for Americans. Orange 
Judd Co. $2. 

Long, E. A. The Home Florist. Charles A. Reeser, Spring- 
field, Ohio. $1.50. 

Mathews, F. Schuyler. The Beautiful Flower Garden. 
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia. 50 cents. 

Morton, James. Chrysanthemum Culture for America. Rural 
Publishing Co. $1. 

Morton, James. Southern Floriculture. W. P. Titus, Clarks- 
ville, Tenn. $ 1. 

Parsons, Samuel, Jr. Landscape Gardening. G. P. Put- 
nam's Sons. $3.50. 

Parsons, S. B. On the Rose. Orange Judd Co. $ 1. 

Powell, E. C, and William McMillan. Street and Shade 
Trees. Rural Publishing Co. 20 cents. 

Rand, E. S., Jk. Flowers for the Parlor and Garden. Hough- 
ton, Mifflin & Co. $2.50. 

Rand, E. S., Jr. Orchids. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $3.00. 

Rand, E. S., Jr. Popular Flowers and How to Cultivate Them. 
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2.00. 

Rand, E. S., Jr. Rhododendrons. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 
$L50. 



232 hoeticulturist's rule-book. 

Rand, E. S. Jr. The Window Gardener. Hougliton, Mifflin 
& Co. $ 1.25. 

Rexford, Eben E. Home Floriculture. James Vick, Roches- 
ter, N.Y. 

Scott, F. J. Beautiful Homes. American Book Exchange. 
$2.50. 

Sheehan, James. Your Plants. Orange Judd Co. 40 cents. 

Solly, George A. & Son. Designs for Flower Beds. Spring- 
field, Mass. 1 3. 

Tuberous Begonias. Rural Publishing Co. 20 cents. 

Weidenmann, J. Beautifying Country Homes. Orange Judd 
Co. $10. 

G. vegetables. 

Brill, F. Cauliflowers and How to Grow Them. Orange 
Judd Co. 20 cents. 

Brill, Francis. Farm Gardening and Seed Growing. Orange 
Judd Co. $ 1. 

Burpee, W. Atlee. How and What to Grow in a Kitchen 
Garden of One Acre. W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Phila- 
delphia. 75 cents. 

Burpee, W. Atlee, Editor. How to Grow Cabbages and Cauli- 
flowers. By Pedersen and Howard. W. Atlee Burpee & 
Co., Philadelphia. 30 cents. 

Burpee, W. Atlee, Editor. How to Grow Melons for Market. 
W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia. 30 cents. 

Carman, E. S. The New Potato Culture. Rural Publishing 
Co. 75 cents. 

Crozier, a. a. The Cauliflower. Register Publishing Co., 
Ann Arbor, Mich. $ 1. 

Day, J. W. Treatise on Tomato Culture. Published by the 
author. Crystal Springs, Miss. 25 cents. 

Day, J. W., D. Cummins and A. I. Root. Tomato Culture. 
A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio. 40 cents. 

Falconer, Wm. Mushrooms, How to Grow Them. Orange 
Judd Co. $1.50. 

Fitz, James. Sweet Potato Culture. Orange Judd Co. 60 cents. 



LITERATURE. 233 

Gregory, J. J. H, Cabbages, How to Grow Them. Marble- 
head, Mass. 30 cents. 

Gregory, J. J. H. Carrots, Mangold-Wurzels, and Sugar 
Beets. Marblehead, Mass. 30 cents. 

Gregory, J. J. H. Onion Raising. Rand Avery Co., Boston. 
30 cents. 

Gregory, J. J. H. Squashes, How to Grow Them. Orange 
Judd Co. 30 cents. 

Greiner, T. Celery for Profit. "W. Atlee Burpee & Co., 
Philadelphia. 30 cents. 

Greiner, T. How to Make the Garden Pay. Wm. Henry 
Maule, Philadelphia. $2. 

Greiner, T. Onions for Profit. W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Phila- 
delphia. 50 cents. 

Greiner, T. The New Onion Culture. Published by the au- 
thor. La Salle, N.Y. 50 cents. 

Harris, Joseph. Gardening for Old and Young. Orange Judd 
Co. $1.25. 

Henderson, Peter. Gardening for Profit. Orange Judd Co. 
$2. 

Landreth, Burnet. Market Gardening and Farm Notes. 
Orange Judd Co. f 1. 

Livingston, A. W. Livingston and the Tomato. A. W. 
Livingston's Sons, Columbus. $ 1. 

NivEN, Robert. The New Celery Culture. Rural Publishing 
Co. 20 cents. 

Oemler, a. Truck Farming at the South. Orange Judd Co. 
$1.50. 

Onion Book. By some 20 experienced growers. Orange Judd 
Co. 20 cents. 

QuiNN, P. T. Money in the Garden. Orange Judd Co. $1.50. 

Rawson, W. W. Celery and its Cultivation. Published by the 
author, Boston. 25 cents. 

Rawson, W. W. Success in Market Gardening. Published by 
the author, Boston. $1. 

Stewart, H. L. Celery Growing. Published by the Author, 
Tecumseh, Mich. $1. 



234 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Terry, T. B. A B C of Potato Culture. A. I. Root, Medina, 
Ohio. 40 cents. 

Thompson, Fred S. Rhubarb Culture. Milwaukee, Wis., $1. 

Van Bochove, G. and Brother. Kalamazoo Celery. Pub- 
lished by the authors, Kalamazoo. 50 cents. 

Vaughan, J. C. Celery Manual. J. C. Vaughan, Chicago. 
50 cents. 

White, Wm. N. Gardening for the South. Orange Judd Co. 
12. 

Whitner, J. N. Gardening in Florida. C. W. DaCosta, Jack- 
sonville. 75 cents. 

D. POMOLOGY. 

Bailey, L. H. American Grape Training. Rural Publishing 

Co. 75 cents. 
Barry, P. The Fruit Garden. Orange Judd Co. $2. 
BiGGLE, Jacob. Biggie Berry Book. Wilmer Atkinson Co., 

Philadelphia. 50 cents. 
Black, J. J. The Cultivation of the Peach and the Pear, on 

the Delaware and Chesapeake Peninsula. James & Webb 

Co., Wilmington, Del. $1.50. 
Bush & Son & Meissner. Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of 

American Grape Vines, Bushburg, Mo. 4th edition, $ 1. 
Chorlton, Wm. Grape Growers' Guide. A Handbook of the 

Cultivation of the Exotic Grape. Orange Judd Co. 75 

cents. 
CoLLiNGwooD, H. W. Fertilizers and Fruit. Rural Publishing 

Co. 20 cents. 
Downing, A. J. and Chas. Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. 

John Wiley & Sons, New York. $ 5. 
EiSEN, GusTAv. The Raisin Industry H. S. Crocker & Co., 

San Francisco. $3. 
Farmer, L. J. On the Strawberry. Published by the author, 

Pulaski, N.Y. 25 cents. 
FiTz, James. The Southern Apple and Peach Culturist. J. 

W. Randolph & English, Richmond. $1.50. 
Fuller, A. S. Grape Culturist. Orange Judd Co. $1.50. 



LITERATURE. 235 

Fuller, A. S. Small Fruit Culturist. Orange Judd Co. $1.50. 
Fuller, A. S. Strawberry Culturist. Orange Judd Co. 25 

cents. 
Fulton, Alexander. Peach Culture. Orange Judd Co. 

$1.50. 
Gary, Thos. A. Orange Culture in California. Pacific Rural 

Press, San Francisco. 75 cents. 
Green, S. B. Amateur Fruit Growing. Farm, Stock, and 

Home Publishing Co., Minneapolis. $1. 
GuRNEY, C. W. Northwestern Pomology. Published by the 

author, Concord, Neb. $1.75. 
Harcourt, Helen. Florida Fruits and How to Raise Them. 

John P. Morton & Co., Louisville, Ky. $1.25. 
Hills, Wm. H. Small Fruits. Cupples, Upham &, Co., Boston. 

$L50. 
Husmann. American Grape Growing and Wine Making. 

Orange Judd Co. $1.50. 
Husmann. Grape Culture and Wine Making in California. 

Payot, Upham & Co. $2. 
Lacy, T. Jay. Fruit Culture for the Gulf States, South of 

Latitude 32 degrees. Washington, La. 25 cents. 
Lelong, B. M. Citrus Culture in California. State Board of 

Horticulture, San Francisco. 
McNeil, J. W. Fruits and Vegetables. Published by the 

author. Crystal Springs, Miss. 30 cents. 
Manville, a. H. Practical Orange Culture, including the 

Culture of the Orange, Lemon, Lime, and other Citrus 

Fruits as grown in Florida. Ashmead Bros., Jacksonville. 

50 cents. 
Marvin, Arthur Tappan. The Olive. Payot, Upham & Co., 

San Francisco. $2. 
Meech, W. W. Quince Culture. Orange Judd Co. $1. 
Mitzky, C. & Co. Our Native Grape. Rochester, N.Y. 
Moore, Rev. T. W. Orange Culture in Florida, Louisiana, and 

California. E. R. Pelton & Co., N.Y. Ashmead Bros., 

Jacksonville. $1. 
Phin, John. Open-air Grape Culture. Orange Judd & Co. $1, 



236 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Powell, E. C. Fruit Packages. Rural Publishing Co. 20 
cents. 

QuiNN, P. T. Pear Culture for Profit. Orange Judd Co. $ 1. 

Roe, E. p. Success with Small Fruits. Dodd, Mead & Co. 
$1.50. 

Saunders, "Wm. Insects Injurious to Fruits. J. B. Lippincott 
Co., Philadelphia. $2. 

ScRiBNER, F. Lamson. Fungus Diseases of the Grape and Other 
Plants. J. T. Lovett Co., Little Silver, N.J. 75 cents. 

Spalding, Wm. A. The Orange: its Culture in California. 
Riverside, Cal. 

Strong, W. C. Fruit Culture and the Laying-out and Manage- 
ment of a Country Home. Rural Publishing Co. $ 1. 

Terry, T. B., and A. I. Root. How to Grow Strawberries. 
A. I. Root, Medina, Ohio. 40 cents. 

Thomas, J. J. American Fruit Culturist. Wm. Wood & Co., 
New York. $2. 

Trton, J. H. A Practical Treatise on Grape Culture. Pub- 
lished by the author, Willoughby, Ohio. 25 cents. 

Webb, James. Capfe Cod Cranberries. Orange Judd Co. 40 
cents. 

White, J. J. Cranberry Culture. Orange Judd Co. $1.25. 

WiCKSoN, E. J. California Fruits and How to Grow Them. 
Dewey and Co., San Francisco. $3. 

Woodward, Geo. E. & F. W. Graperies and Horticultural 
Buildings. Orange Judd Co. $1. 



The Rural Science Series, edited by L. H. Bailey and pub- 
lished by Macmillan, is designed to present in readable form the 
latest fundamental science related to rural life. " The Soil," by 
King, and "The Spraying of Plants," by Lodeman, are now 
issued. Many others are in preparation, some of them treating 
specifically of horticultural subjects. 

2. Some American HorticulturaJ Periodicals. 

Amateur Gardening. Springfield, Mass. Monthly. 50 cents. 

American Horticulturist. F. A. Waugh, editor. Topeka, Kan. 

Monthly. 50 cents. ( Formerly Smith's Small Fruit Farmer.^ 



LITERATURE. 237 

American Florist (trade). Chicago and New York. Weekly. 

$1. 
American Gardening. New York, Rhinelander Building. Twice 

monthly. ^1. 
Baltimore Cactus Journal. A. M. Cordray, editor. Baltimore, 

Md. Monthly. 50 cents. 
California Fruit Grower. W. C. Fitzsimmons, editor. San 

Francisco. Weekly. $ 3. 
, Canadian Horticulturist. L. Woolverton, editor. Toronto 

and Grimsby, Ont. Monthly. $ 1. 
Florist's Exchange (trade) . New York, Rhinelander Building. 

Weekly. $1. 
Fniit Growers' Journal. A. M. DuBois, editor. Cobden, 111. 

Twice monthly. 50 cents. 
Fruit Trade Journal. New York. Weekly. $3. 
Garden and Forest. E. S. Sargent, conductor. New York, 

Tribune Building. Weekly. $4. 
Gardening. Wm. Falconer, editor. Chicago. Twice monthly. 

$2. 
Grape Belt. Dunkirk, N.Y. National edition, monthly. $1. 

(Also a weekly local edition.) 
Horticultural Trade Journal. Floral Park, N.Y. Monthly. 

50 cents. 
Landscape Architect. F. Tracy Nelson, managing editor. 

Rochester, N.Y. Monthly. $L50. 
Market Garden. Minneapolis. Monthly. 50 cents. 
Mayflower. Floral Park, N.Y. Monthly. 50 cents. 
Meehan's Monthly. Germantown, Pa. Monthly. $2. 
National Nurseryman. Ralph T. Olcott, editor. Rochester, 

N.Y. Monthly. $1. 
Park's Floral Magazine. George W. Park, editor. Libonia, 

Pa. Monthly. 50 cents. 
Southern Florist and Gardener. Elizabeth Fry, editress. 

Louisville, Ky. Monthly. $ 1 . 
Success with Flowers. West Grove, Pa. Monthly. 25 cents. 
Western Garden and Poultry Journal. Chas. N. Page, editor. 

Des Moines, Iowa. Monthly. 50 cents. 



238 horticulturist's rule-book. 



3. Experiment Station Literature. 

The bulletins of the various Agricultural Experiment Stations 

can be obtained by addressing the directors or officers in charge 

of the stations, as follows ; 

Alabama — Auburn: College Station; W. L. Broun. Union- 
town : Canebrake Station ; H. Benton. 

Arizona — Tucson : T. B. Comstock. 

Arkansas — Fayetteville: R. L. Bennett. 

California — Berkeley: E. W. Hilgard. 

Colorado — Fort Collins : Alston Ellis. 

Connecticut — New Haven: State Station; S. W. Johnson= 
Storrs : Storrs Station ; W. O. Atwater. 

Delaware — Newark: A. T. Neale. 

Florida — Lake Gity : O. Clute. 

Georgia — Experiment: R. J. Redding. 

Idaho — Moscow: C, P. Fox. 

Illinois — Champaign : Eugene Davenport. 

Indiana — Lafayette : C. S. Plumb. 

Iowa — Ames : James Wilson. 

Kansas — Manhattan: G. T. Fairchild. 

Kentucky — Lexington : M. A. Scovell. 

Louisiana — Audubon Park, New Orleans: Sugar Station. 
Baton Bouge : State Station. Calhoun : North Louisiana 
Station. W. C. Stubbs. 

Maine — Orono : W. H.Jordan. 

Maryland — College Park : R. H. Miller. 

Massachusetts — Amherst: State Station; C. A. Goessmann. 
Amherst : Hatch Station ; H. H. Goodell. 

Michigan — Agricultural College: C. D.Smith. 

Minnesota — St. Anthony Park: W. M. Liggett. 

Mississippi — Agricultural College: S.M.Tracy. 

Missouri — Columbia : P. Schweitzer. 

Montana — Bozeman : S. M. Emery. 

Nebraska — Lincoln: C. L. IngersoU. 

Nevada — Beno : J. E. Stubbs. 

New Hampshire — Durham : G. H. Whitcher. 



LITERATURE. 239 

* 

New Jersey — New Brunswick: State Station; E. B. Voor- 
hees. New Brunswick : College Station ; A. Scott. 

New Mexico — Las Criices : S. P. McCrea. 

New York — Geneva: State Station; P. Collier. Ithaca: 
Cornell University Station ; I. P. Roberts. 

North Carolina — Raleigh: H. B. Battle. 

North Dakota — Fargo : J. B. Power. 

Ohio — Wooster : C. E. Thorne. 

Oklahoma — Stillwater : James C. Neal. 

Oregon — Corvallis : J. M. Bloss. 

Pennsylvania — State College : H. P. Armsby. 

Rhode Island — Kingston: C. O. Flagg. 

South Carolina — Clemson College : E. B. Craighead. 

South Dakota — Brookings: L. McLouth. 

Tennessee — Knoxville : C. F. Vanderford. 

Texas — College Station: J. H. Connell. 

Utah — Logan : J. H. Paul. 

Vermont — Burlington : J. L. Hills. 

Virginia — Blacksburg : J. M. McBryde. 

Washington — Pullman: E. A. Bryan. 

West Virginia — Morgantown : J. A. Myers. 

Wisconsin — Madison : W. A. Henry. 

Wyoming — Laramie : A. A. Johnson. 

The Scientific Bureaus and Divisions of the Department of 
Agriculture, Washington, are as follows : 

Weather Bureau — M. W. Harrington, Chief. 

Bureau of Animal Industry — D. E. Salmon, Chief. 

Division of Statistics — H. A. Robinson, Statistician. 

Division of Entosiology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist. 

Division of Chemistry — H. W. Wiley, Chemist. 

Division of Botany — F. V. Coville, Botanist. 

Division of Forestry — B. E. Fernow, Chief 

Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy — C. Hart 

Merriam, Ornithologist. 
Division of Pomology — S. B. Heiges, Pomologist. 
Division of Vegetable Pathology — B. T. Galloway, Chief. 



240 horticulturist's eule-book. 

Division of Microscopy — T. Taylor, Microscopist. 
Office of Experiment Stations — A. C. True, Director. 

Abstracts of all experiment station and scientific agricultural 
literature are published monthly in the Experiment Station 
Becord, issued by the Office of Experiment Stations, Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. 



CHAPTER XX. 

NAMES, HISTORIES, AND CLASSIFICATION. 

I. Vegetables which have Different Names in England and 

America. 
In America. In England. 

Articlioke {Helianthus tuberosus) Jerusalem artichoke. (The 

true artichoke is a very- 
different plant, grown for 
its edible flower-heads.) 

Bean Kidney-bean, or French 

bean. (To distinguish it 
from the broad bean, 
Vicia Faba, which is the 
chief bean of history.) 

Beet . Beet-root. 

Lima bean Lima kidney-bean. 

Muskmelon Melon. 

Parsnip Parsnep in many old books. 

Pepper Capsicum. ("Pepper*' is 

properly applied to the 
black and white pepper 
of commerce.) 

Pumpkin. Vegetable marrow. Gourd. 

Rutabaga Turnip -rooted cabbage, 

Swedish turnip. 

Salsify Salsafy. 

Squash Pumpkin. Gourd. 

" Scallop Custard-marrow. 

" Winter Crookneck (Cu- 

curbita moschata) . . Muskmelon, rarely. 

Swiss chard Leaf-beet. 

Turnip Turnep in many old books. 

B 241 



Bean, Broad .... Feve de Marais 



242 horticulturist's rule-book. 



2. Names of Fruits and Vege- 

Engllsh. French. Gernutn. 

Almond . ..... Amandier Mandel 

Apple Pommier Apfel 

Ai>ricot Abricotier Aprikose 

Articlioko Artichaut Artischoke 

Asparagus Asperge Spargel 

Banana Banana Pisang . ...... 

j Grosse Bohne and Gar- \ 

I ten Bohne ) 

Bean, Kidney .... Haricot Tiircksche Bohne . . . , 

Beet Betterave Rothe Riibe 

Berberry ]6pine vinette Berberitzenstrauch . . , 

Black Currant . . . Cassis and Groseille noir . Schwartze Johannisbeere , 

Borecole Chou vert, or Non ponmie Griiner Kohl 

Broccoli Broccoli and Chau brocolis Italienischer Kohl . . . , 

Brussels Sprouts . . Chou de Bruxelles on\ jets Sprossen Kohl 

Cabbage Chou pommo or Cabus . . Kopfkohl 

Cardoon Cardon Kardon 

Carrot Garotte Mohre or Gelbe Riibe . , 

Cauliflower Chou-fleur Blumen Kohl 

Celery Coleri Sellerie 

Cherry Cerisier Kirsche 

Chicory or Succory . . Chicor6e Sauvage .... Gemeine Cichorie . . . . 
Cress, Garden . . . Cresson Gemeine Garten Kresse 

" "Water .... Cresson de Fontaine . . Briinnen Kresse . . . . 

" "Winter .... Cresson de Terre .... Winter Kresse 

Cucumber Concombre Gurke 

Egg-plant Melong^ne, Aubergine . . Tollapfel and Eierpflanze . 



„ ,. ( Chicoree des Jardins, En- ) _ ,, . 

Endive \ a- [-Endlvie 

Fig Figuier Feige 

Filbert Noisette Nussbaum 

Garlic Ail Knoblauch 

Gooseberry .... Groseiller a Maquereau . Stachelbeere 

Grape Vigne Traube and "Weintrauben . 

Horseradish .... Cranson or le Grand Raifort Meerrettig 

Kohlrabi or Turnip- ) „, -r- 1.1 x, a,- 

c Chou-rave Kohl Ridbi 

cabbage . . . . ) 

^ , _. . ( Gemeiner Lauch or Porro | 

Leek Poireau ■( „ . , r 

I Zwiebe ) 

Lemon Limonier Limonie 



NAMES, HISTORIES, AND CLASSIFICATION. 243 



tables in Various Languages. 

Dutch. Italian* Spanish. 

Amandelboom . . . Mandorlo Almendro. 

Ai)iielboom .... Melo or Porno Manzana. 

Abrikozenboom . , . Albicocco Albaricoque. 

Artisjok Carciofo Cinauco. 

Aspergie Asi>arago or Sparagio . . Esparrago. 

Bauauebooni .... Banana 

Boon Fava Haba. 

Turksche Boon . . . Fagiuolo Judias and Fasoles. 

Beetwortel or Karoot . Burba bietola Betarraga. 

Barbarisse Berber! or Crespino . . . Berberis. 

Aalbessenboom . . . Kibes nero Grosella negro. 

Grone Kool .... Cavolo verzotto or Verza . Col. 

Scotsclie Kool .... Broccoli Broculi. 

Spruit Kool .... Cavolo dl Brnxelles . . . 

Kool Cavolo Berza. 

Spaansche Artisjok . . Cardo Cardo. 

Gerle Wortel .... Carota Chirivia. 

Bloeni Kool .... Cavoli fiori Berza florida. 

Selderij Sedano Appio hortonse. 

Keresenboom .... Ciriegia Cerezo. 

Suikerei Cicoria Achicoria. 

Tuinkers Crescione Mastuerzo. 

Waterkers Crescione di Sorgenti . . Berro. 

Winterkers .... Erba di Santa Barbarea . . Hierba de Santa Barbbara. 

Komkoinmer .... Citriuolo Pepino or Cohombro. 

Dolappel Melanzana Berengena. 

Andijvie Indivia Endlvia. 

Vijgenboom .... Fico Higuera. 

Hazelnotenboom . . . Avellano or Noccinolo . . Avellano. 

Knoflook Aglio Ajo. 

Kruisbessenboom . . Uva-spina TJva-crespas. 

Driiif Vite Vina. 

Eammenas Eamolaccio Babano picante. 



Look or Prei .... Porro Puerro. 

Limoenboom .... Limone Limon. 

I 
*The Italian names have been revised for the third edition by Dr. Aser Poll, 
of the Instituto Tecnico, Piacenza, Italy. 



244 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



Names of Fruits and Vegetables in 



English. 
Lettuce . . . 
Melon, Musk . 
Mint, Common 
Mulberry . . 
Mushroom . . 
Mustard . . . 
Nectarine . . 
Olive .... 
Onion . . . 



Orange 

Orach 

Parsley 

Parsnip 

Pea 

Peach 

Pear 

Pepper, Red or Chile 
Pine-apple .... 

Plum 

Pomegranate . . . 

Potato 

Pumpkin or Gourd . 

Quince 

Kadish 

Kape 

Ked Currant . . . 
Khubarb .... 



Sage 



Salsify . . . 

Savoy . . . 

Sea-kale . . . 

Spinach . . . 

Strawberry . . 
Sweet Chestnut 

Thyme . . . 



Tomato 



French. German. . 

Laitue Gartensalat and Lattich 

Melon Melone 

Menthe des jardins . . . Munze 

Murier Maulbeere 

Champignon comestible . Essbare Blatterschwamme 

Moutarde Senf 

Peche lisse Nectarpfirsch 

Olivier Oelbaum and Olive . . . 

Oignon Zmebel 

Oranger Pomeranze 

Arroche Meldekraut 

Persil Petersilie 

Panais Pastinake 

Pois Erbse 

Pecher Pfirsiche 

Poirier Birne 

Piment Spanischer PfeflFer .... 

Ananas Ananas 

Prunier Pflaume 

Grenadier Granatenbaum 

Pommc de Tcrrc .... Kartoffel 

Courge Kiirbis 

Coignassier Quitte 

Kadis and Rave .... Rettig and Radies .... 

Navette Repskohl 

Groseiller commun . . . Gemeine Johannisbeere 

Rhubarbe Rhabarber 

Sauge Salbey 

Salsifis Ilaferwurzel and Bocksbart 

Chou de Milan or pomm6 ) -^^r. . tt i t.i 

„ . , r Wirsing or Herzkohl . . . 

fraise ) 

Chou marin and Crambe . Meerkohl 

ifepinard Spinat 

Fraisier Erdbeer 

Chataignier and Marronier Castanien 

Thym Thimian 

Tomate Liebesapfel 



Turnip Navet Rube 

Walnut Noyer Wallnuss 

White Currant . . . Groseiller commun . . . Gemeine Johannisbeere 
Watermelon .... Melon d'Eau Wassermelone . . . . 



NAMES, HISTORIES, AND CLASSIFICATION. 245 



Various Languages. — Continued. 



Dutch 
Latouw . , 
Meloen . , 
Munt . . . 
Moerbezieboom 
Kaini)ernoelio 
Mosterd . . 
Kale Perzik 
Olijfboom . 
Uijen . . . 
Oranieboom 
Melde . . 
Pieterselie . 
Pinksternakel 
Erwt . . . 
Perzikboom 
Pereiiboom 
Spaansche Pep 
Ananas . . 
Prufnbooni . 
Granaatboom 
Aardai)pel . 
Kauworde . 
Kweeboom . 
Radijs . . 
Rapskool . 
Aalbessenboom 
Rabarber 
Salie . . , 
Boksbaard 



Savojie Kool 

Zeekool . , 
Spinazie . . 
Aardbezienplant 
Kastanjebooni 
Gemeene Thyne 

j Appeltjes der liefde 

I and Tomaat 
Raap .... 
Wabiotenboom 
Aalbessenboom 



Italian. Spanifih. 

. Lattuga Lechuga. 

, Mellone and Popone . . . Melon. 

, Menta Menta. 

. Moro or Gelso Moral. 

. Pratajiiolo bianco .... Seta. 

. Senapa Mostaza. 

. Pesche noci or Nettarine . Especie dc Durazno. 

. Ulivo Olivo. 

. Cipolla Cebolla. 

. Arancio Naranja. 

. Atreplice Armuelle. 

. Prezzeniolo Perejil. 

. Pastinaca Chirivia and Pastinaca 

. Pisello Guisante. 

. Pesco Alberchigo. 

. Pero Pera. 

. Peperone Pimiento. 

, Ananasso Pina. 

. Susino Ciruelo. 

. Melagrano Granada. 

. Patata Batatas Inglezas. 

. Zucca Calabaza. 

. Cotogno Membrillo. 

. Ravanello or Radico . . . Rabano. 

. Rapa selvatica Naba silvestre. 

. Ribes rosso Grosella. 

. Rabarbaro Ruibarbo. 

. Salvia Salvia. 

. Sassifica Bai-ba Cabruna. 

. Cappuccio Berza do Saboya. 

. Crambe marina Col marina. 

. Spinacio Espinaca. 

. Fragola Fresa. 

. Castagno Castano. 

. Timo Tomillo. 

>• Pomodoro Tomate. 

. Rapa Nabo. 

. Noce Noguera. 

. Ribes rosso Grcsella. 

, Cocomero or Anguria . .'Sandla. 



246 horticulturist's rule-book. 

3. Emblematic Flowers. 

NATIONAL FLOWERS. 

Canada Sugar maple. 

China ...'..... Narcissus. 

Egypt Lotus (Nymphoea Lotus). 

England Rose. 

France Fleur-de-lis (/ns). 

Germany Corn-^ower (Centaurea Cyanus). 

Greece {Athens) .... Violet. 

Ireland Shamrock (Trifolium, usually 

T. repens). 

Italy Lily. 

Japan Chrysanthemum. 

Prussia Linden. 

Saxony Mignonette. 

Scotland Thistle. 

Spain Pomegranate. 

Wales Leek. 

PARTY FLOWERS. 

Beacon sfield's followers Primrose. 

Bonapartists Violet. 

Ghibellines White lily. 

Guelphs Red lily. 

Prince of Orange The orange. 

STATE FLOWERS. 

{Adopted by Legislatures and State Horticultural Societies.) 

Alabama ..... Goldenrod. 

California . 

Minnesota , 

Oregon . . 

Washington 



California poppy, or Eschscholtzia. 
Moccasin-flower, or Cypripedium. 
Oregon grape (Berberis Aquifolium). 
Rhododendron (B. Calif ornicum) . 



NAMES, HISTORIES, AND CLASSIFICATION. 247 
4. Derivation of the Names of Various Fruits and Vegetables 

A. FRUITS. 

Apple. — Anglo-Saxon, ceppel. 

Apricot. — Indirectly from Latin prcecoquuni, early-ripe. 

Blackberry. — From the color of the fruit. 

Cherry. — Anglo-Saxon, cirse. 

Cranberry. — Crane-berry, from the slender pedicel of the 

European species. 
Currant. — Corruption of Corinth, Greece, whence came the 

"dried currants" (grapes), which were once called 

Corinths. 
Gooseberry. — Probably from groseherry or groiseberry, from 

Old French groisele, the currant and gooseberry. 
Grape. — French, grappe ; allied to the word grapple. 
Lemon. —French, limon, indirectly from the Arabic. 
Mulberry. — German, mulber, indirectly from Latin morus, a 

mulberry tree. 
Nectarine. — Nectar-like. 

Orange. — From the Arabic, through the French. 
Peach. — Corruption of Persia, whence the fruit was early 

obtained. 
Pear. — Pirum, the Latin name. 
Plum. — Anglo-Saxon, plume; indirectly from Latin prunum^ 

a plum. 
Quince. — Corruption of Cydonia, the Latin name, from 

Cydon. 
Raspberry. — From rasp, referring to the prickles. 
Strawberry. — In early times the berries were strung on 

straws when sold. This is a folk-explanation, but is erro- 
neous. Evidently associated with Latin fragum, fragrant. 

B. VEGETABLES. 

Artichoke. — Italian, articiocco; indirectly from che Arabic. 
Asparagus. — The Latin name, from the Greek. 
Bean. — The Anglo-Saxon name. 



248 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Beet. — Latin, beta,, the beet-plant. 

Cabbage. — French, cahiis^ from the Latin caput, a head. 

Carrot. — French, carotte, from Latin carota, the carrot. 

Brussels sprouts. — From Brussels, Belgium. 

Cauliflower. — Latin, cauUs, stem, and floicer. 

Celery. — Latin, selinon, parsley. 

Chervil. — Anglo-Saxon, cerjiUe, indirectly from a Greek com- 
bination signifying " pleasant leaf." 

Chives or Cives. — Latin, cepa, onion. 

Com. — Anglo-Saxon, corn. 

Cress. — Old German, kresan, to creep. 

Cucumber. — Latin, cucumis. 

Egg-plant. — From the egg-shaped fruit of some varieties. 

Endive. — French, endive, indirectly from the Latin intubus, 
the endive or chicory. 

Garlic. — Anglo-Saxon, gar and leak, spear-leaf, referring to 
the shape and position of the leaves. 

Gumbo. — Portuguese, quiugombo, from qiiillobo, an African 
name. 

Horseradish. — Refers, evidently, to the strong and pungent 
character t)f the roots by reference to the strength of the 
horse. 

Kohlrabi. — Corruption of the Latin caulo-rapa, stem-turnip. 

Leek. — Anglo-Saxon, leac or leak. 

Lettuce. — Latin, lactnca, the lettuce ; from lac, milk, refer- 
ring to the milky juice of the plant. 

Melon. — Latin, melo, a certain small melon. 

Mushroom. — French, mousseron, alluding to mousse, or moss, 
in which some mushrooms grow. 

Mustard. — French, mustarde, from Latin mustum, the must, 
with which mustard was mixed. 

Onion. — French, oignon ; indirectly from Latin unus, one, 
unis, oneness, in allusion to a plant of which the bulb was 
formed in one piece. 

Parsley. — From a Greek combination meaning *' rock-pars- 
ley," a parsley -like plant. 

Parsnip. — Latin, pastinaca. 



NAMES, HISTORIES, AND CLASSIFICATION. 249 

Pea. — French, pois^ from Latin pisum, the pea. 

Pepper, Red. — Latin, piper, the true pepper or black pepper, 
with whicli the present plant is compared in pungency. 

Potato. — Spanish and Portuguese, batata, an aboriginal 
American name. First applied to the sweet-potato. 

Pumpkin. — French, pompion, from Latin pepo, a pumpkin- 
like fruit. 

Radish. — Latin, radix, root. 

Rhubarb. — French, rhubarbe ; probably indirectly from Latin 
barbarus, foreign. 

Sage. — Latin, salvus, saved, evidently in allusion to medicinal 
properties of the plant. 

Salsify. — French, salsijis. 

Spinach or Spinage. — Latin, spmrtcm, spinach, from spina, 
a thorn, in reference to the prickly character of the plant. 

Squash. — American Indian, asquash, a raw or green fruit. 

Tomato. — Tomate, of South American origin. 

Turnip. — Probably Welsh tmni, round, and maip, turnip. 

5. Periods of Cultivation and Native Countries of Cultivated 

Plants. 

(Adapted from researches of De Candolle, and Gray and Trumbull.) 

Almond. — Over 4000 years ; Mediterranean basin, western 

temperate Asia. 
Apple. — Over 4000 years ; Europe, Anatolia, south of the 

Caucasus. 
Apricot. — Over 4000 years ; China. 
Artichoke. — Less than 2000 years ; Europe, Africa, Canaries, 

and Madeira. 
Asparagus. — Over 2000 years ; Europe, western temperate 

Asia. 
Banana. — Over 4000 years ; southern Asia. 
Barley, Common. — (?); western temperate Africa. 
Bean. — Over 4000 years ; unknown wild. Probably North 

America. 
Bean, Broad. — Over 4000 years ; south of the Caspian (?). 



250 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Bean, Lima. — About 600 years ; South America. 

Blackberry. — About 40 years ; North America. 

Buckwheat. — Less than 2000 years ; Mandschuria, central 
Siberia. 

Buckwheat, Tartarian. — Less than 2000 years ; Tartary, 
Siberia to Dahuria. 

Cabbage. — Over 4000 years ; Europe. 

Carrot. — Over 2000 years; Europe, western temperate Asia 
(?). 

Celery. — Over 2000 years ; Europe, Asia, and Africa. 

Cherry. — More than 2000 years ; temperate Europe and Asia. 

Chestnut. — (?); from Portugal to Caspian Sea, eastern Al- 
geria. 

Chives. — Less than 2000 years ; temperate and northern 
Europe. 

Citron. — Over 2000 years ; India. 

Corn-salad. — Less than 2000 years ; Sardinia, Sicily. 

Cotton, Herbaceous. — Over 2000 years ; India. 

Cranberry. — About 50 years ; North America. 

Cress. — Over 2000 years ; Persia (?). 

Cucumber. — Over 4000 years ; India. 

Currant, Black. — Less than 2000 years ; Europe, western 
Himalayas. 

Currant, Red. — Less than 2000 years ; Europe to Himalayas. 

Date-palm. — Over 4000 years ; western Asia and Africa. 

Egg-plant. — Over 4000 years ; India. 

Endive. — Less than 2000 years ; Mediterranean basin. 

Fig. — Over 4000 years ; south of Mediterranean basin. 

Garlic. — Over 2000 years ; desert of the Kirghis. 

Gooseberry. — Less than 2000 years ; temperate Europe, 
western Himalayas. Houghton and Downing are from a 
native species. 

Grape. — European or wine grape (the grape of history), over 
4000 years ; western Asia and Mediterranean basin. 
American grapes are natives, and have come into cultiva- 
tion within this century. 

Hop. — Less than 2000 years ; Europe, Asia, United States. 



NAMES, HISTORIES, AND CLASSIFICATION. 251 

Horseradish. — Less than 2000 years ; eastern temperate 
Europe. 

Jerusalem Artichoke. — Probably ancient ; United States. 

Kaki. — Ancient ; Japan and China. 

Leek. — Over 2000 years ; Mediterranean basin. 

Lemon. — More than 2000 years ; India or China. 

Lettuce. — Over 2000 years ; Europe, Asia, and Africa. 

Maize. — Very ancient ; New Granada (?). 

Melon, Musk. — Less than 2000 years ; India, Beluchistan, 
Guinea. 

Mushroom. — Less than 2000 years ; Northern hemisphere. 

Oats. — Over 2000 years ; temperate Europe. 

Okra. — Less than 2000 years ; tropical Africa. 

Olive. — More than 4000 years ; Syria, etc. 

Onion. — Over 4000 years ; Persia, Afghanistan, Beluchistan, 
Palestine (?). 

Onion, Welsh. — Less than 2000 years ; Siberia. 

Orach. — Less than 2000 years ; northern Europe and Siberia. 

Orange. — Less than 2000 years in Europe ; probably ancient 
far East ; China. 

Parsley. — Less than 2000 years ; Europe, Algeria, and Leb- 
anon. 

Parsnip. — Less than 2000 years ; central and southern Europe. 

Pea. — Over 2000 years ; Caucasus to Persia (?), India (?). 

Peach. — Over 4000 years ; China. 

Pear. — Over 4000 years ; temperate Europe and Asia. 

Pepper. — Over 500 years ; Brazil (?). 

Pineapple. — Over 500 years ; Mexico, Central America. 

Plum. — Over 2000 years ; Anatolia, north of Persia. There are 
also many varieties of native species. 

Pomegranate. — More than 4000 years ; Persia, etc. 

Potato. — Over 500 years ; Chile, Peru. 

Pumpkin and Squash. — Over 500 years ; temperate North 
America. 

Quince. — Over 4000 years ; north of Persia, south of the Cau- 
casus, Anatolia. 

Radish. — Over 2000 years ; temperate Asia. 



252 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Rampion. — Less than 2000 years ; temperate and southern 
Europe. 

Rape. — Over 4000 years; Europe, western Siberia (?). 

Raspberry. — The European raspberry (represented by the 
Antwerp and Fontenay), less than 2000 years ; Europe 
and Asia. Our common red and black raspberries are 
natives, and have come into cultivation within the last 40 
years. 

Rice. — Over 4000 years ; India, southern China. 

Rye. — Over 2000 years; eastern temperate Europe (?), south- 
east of Europe, Algeria. 

Salsify. — Less than 2000 years (?) ; southeastern Europe, 
Algeria. 

Scorzonera. — Less than 2000 years ; southwestern Europe. 

Sea-kale. — Less than 2000 years ; western temperate Europe. 

Shaddock. — Over 2000 years ; Pacific Islands, 

Shallot. — Less than 2000 years ; unknown, wild. 

Sorghum. — Over 4000 years ; tropical Africa (?). 

Spinach. — Less than 2000 years ; Persia (?). 

Strawberry. — Less than 300 years ; Chile. 

Sunflower. — Very ancient ; United States. 

Sweet Potato. — Very ancient ; tropical America. 

Tobacco. — Ancient ; South America. 

Tomato. — Over 500 years ; Peru. 

Turnip. — Over 4000 years ; Europe, western Siberia (?) 

"Watermelon. — Over 4000 years ; tropical Africa. 

"Wheat. — Over 4000 years ; region of the Euphrates. 

6. Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom. 

There are 200 natural families or orders of flowering plants, 
about 7600 genera, and over 100,000 species are known and 
described. The flowerless plants are much more numerous 
than the flowering plants, both in individuals and species. 
Eerns, mosses, mushrooms, and many smaller or even micro- 
scopic fungi, lichens, and seaweeds are flowerless plants. 

The Ranunculaceae or Crowfoot family includes over 1200 



NAMES, HISTORIES, AND CLASSIFICATION. 253 

species of plants, inhabiting all parts of the world. The clem- 
atis, marsh-marigold or so-called cowslip, columbine, adonis, 
buttercup, Christmas rose, love-in-a-mist, larkspur, aconite, 
and peony are members of the Crowfoot family. The family 
comprises 30 genera. 

There are about 100 species of clematis known. 

About 40 distinct species of delphinium or larkspur are 
described, few of which are cultivated. 

It is thought that there are about a half-dozen true species 
of peonies known, although many supposed species have been 
described. 

The Magnolia family comprises about 70 species of trees and 
shrubs. Of these, 14 are magnolias proper, of which 6 or 7 
are native of Japan, China, or the Himalaya region, and the 
remainder are North American. The tulip tree, of which but 
a single species is known, belongs to this order. 

Thje Nymphseacese or Water-lily family contains 8 genera 
and about 35 species, all aquatic. The largest genus is 
nymphsea — by some called castalia — comprising some 20 
species. 

The Mustard family, Cruciferse, comprises probably about 
2000 species, many of which are grown for food and ornament. 
The cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, kohlrabi, radish, horseradish, 
sea-kale, cresses, and mustards are the leading edible species, 
while the stocks, alyssum, wallflower, honesty or lunaria are 
among the ornamental species. There are over 175 genera in 
the order. 

The Violet family comprises about 250 species, generally dis- 
tributed over the world. Of these, about 200 are violets. The 
order includes 21 genera. Some of the species, outside of viola 
proper, are shrubs or small trees. 

The Caryophyllacese or Pink family has about 1000 species 
and 35 genera. The ornamental genera are dianthus, including 
the pinks and carnation, saponaria, silene, lychnis, and a few 
others of less importance. Dianthus, literally "Jove's flower," 
numbers some 200 species. The corn-cockle and catchflies 
belong to this family. 



254 horticulturist's rule -book. 

The Mallow family, Malvaceae, has about 60 genera and 700 
species. The best-known genera are althaea, the hollytiock; 
inalva, the mallows ; hibiscus ; abutilon ; and gossypium, the 
cotton. 

The Basswoods or Lindens are 8 in number, growing in 
northern temperate climates. Three are natives of North 
America. Tiliacese, the Basswood family, comprises 40 genera 
and about 330 species. 

Some 50 species of maples are known, inhabiting Europe, 
Asia, and America. Nine or 10 grow naturally in North 
America. The Sapindacese, to which family the maple belongs, 
is largely tropical. It comprises over 70 genera, and 600 or 700 
species. iEsculus, the horse-chestnuts, belong here, and are 
about 14 in number. 

The Leguminosse or Pulse family is one of the most im- 
portant orders of plants. It furnishes many foods, fine woods, 
dyes, medicines, and ornamental plants. Many of the species 
are extremely important in agriculture because of the great 
amount of nitrogen they contain. Peas, beans, clover, locusts, 
acacias, sensitive plant, belong to this family. It comprises 
about 400 genera and 6500 species. 

The Rosacese or Rose family may be called the fruit family 
of the north temperate zone. Apples, pears, quinces, June- 
berries, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, peaches, plums, 
apricots, almonds, cherries, all belong here. Prunus, which 
includes the stone fruits, has about 100 species in various parts 
of the world, and 25 are North American. Pyrus, including 
apple, pear, quince, and mountain-ash, has about 40 species, of 
which 9 are in North America. Of roses, over 250 have been 
described, but late authorities consider that there are only 
about 30 good species. Of strawberries, there are 3 or 4 species 
and of spireas about 50. The whole family has about 1000 
species and 70 genera. 

Vitis, the grape and its allies, has some 230 species. There 
are two or three other genera, and about a score of other species 
in the family, Vitacese or Ampelidese, to which it belongs. 

The Cucurbitaceae includes the squashes, pumpkins, cucum- 



NAMES, HISTORIES, AND CLASSIFICATION. 255 

bers, melons, and gourds. The species are about 500 in number, 
and are mostly tropical or subtropical. Some 25 species are de- 
scribed as cucumis, to which the cucumber and muskmelon 
belong, and 2 as citrullus or watermelon. The pumpkins and 
squashes belong to cucurbita, of which about 10 species are 
known, several of them perennials. The family comprises 
about 70 genera. 

About 350 species of begonia are known. 

Of cacti, there are about 1000 species and 13 genera, all but 
one species native of the New World. 

Umbelliferae, comprising over 150 genera and about 1300 
species, includes the parsnip, parsley, carrot, celery, caraway, 
anise, dill, and others. In Africa some of the species attain to 
the size of trees. 

About one-ninth of all flowering plants are comprised in the 
Compositse or Sunflower family. It is by far the largest order, 
containing nearly 800 genera and about 10,000 species. Very 
few of the species furnish esculent parts ; the leading ones are 
lettuce, endive, chicory, artichoke, cardoon, and salsify. But 
the family comprises great numbers of ornamental plants, of 
which the leading one at the present time is the chrysanthemum. 
A very few of the species become small shrubs. 

The Heath family, Ericaceae, includes the heaths, heather of 
Europe, wintergreen, whortleberries or huckleberries, cranber- 
ries, azaleas, rhododendrons, and laurels. Certain white and 
flesh-colored parasitic plants also belong to it, as the Indian- 
pipe and the snow plant of the Rocky Mountains. About 80 
genera and over 1300 species are known. 

The Primulas belong to the Primulacese or Primrose family, 
and they number some 80 or more species, many of which are 
cultivated. The genus primula is commonly divided by florists 
into auriculas, polyanthuses, and primroses. One of the prim- 
ulas is the true cowslip. Primulacese has about 20 genera and 
250 species. 

Oleacese, a family of 18 genera and nearly 300 species, in- 
cludes the jasmine, forsythias, lilacs, ashes, privet, and olive. A 
dozen species of fraxinus, or ash, are native of North America. 



256 horticulturist's rule-book. 

There are about 120 species of jasminum or jasmine, 2 of 
forsythia, 6 or more of syringa or lilac, over 30 of ffaxinus, 
about 25 of ligustrum or privet, and 35 of olea or olive. 

The Convolvulus or Morning-glory family, Convolvulacese, 
has some 800 species, some of which are trees, and 32 genera. 
The dodders, peculiar parasitic plants, of which several are 
natives of the United States, belong here, as does also the 
sweet potato. 

There are about 30 species of Phlox described, nearly all na- 
tives of North America. The common Phlox Drummondii is a 
native of Texas. These plants, with cobsea, polemonium, 
gilia, and some other genera, belong to the family Polemoniacese. 

Solanacese is a large and important order, containing many 
esculent plants and many poisons. Here belong the potato, 
tomato, egg-plant, red pepper, and strawberry or husk tomato ; 
also tobacco, belladonna, and nightshade. There are QQ genera 
and from 1200 to 1500 species. The genus solanum alone, to 
which the potato and egg-plant belong, contains from 700 to 
900 species. Lycopersicum, the tomato genus, has about a 
half dozen species. 

There are about 140 genera and 2600 species in the Labiatae 
or Mint family. The order comprises a few tree-like and a few 
climbing plants. The species are aromatic, and most of our 
cultivated sweet herbs, and all the mints, belong to the family. 
It comprises many ornamental species, among the most promi- 
nent being species of coleus, of which about 50 species are de- 
scribed. 

The Nettle family or Urticacese comprises many dissimilar 
plants. Here belong the nettles, mulberry, fig, bread-fruit, 
hackberry, osage-orange, elm, hemp, and hop. The family has 
in the neighborhood of 1500 species, and the accepted genera are 
108. Five elms and 2 mulberries are native to North America, 
and 3 wild figs grow in southern Florida. 

Five genera and about 30 species belong to the Juglandacese 
or Walnut family. All the hickories, 8 or 10, are natives of 
North America. There are 2 walnuts and 1 butternut in the 
United States. 



NAMES, HISTORIES, AND CLASSIFICATION. 257 

Cupuliferse, the Oak family, numbers 400 species and 10 gen- 
era. It gives us the oaks, about 300 in the world and 44 in the 
United States ; chestnuts, beeches, hazels, and filberts, birches, 
alder, hornbeam, and ironwood. The United States has 2 
chestnuts, 1 beech, about 8 birches, and 6 alders. 

Orchidaceae, the Orchid family, includes some 5000 singular 
herbs, distributed through 334 genera. Many of the species are 
epiphytes, that is, growing above ground on other plants. The 
species are the most specialized, perhaps, of any order, and they 
are usually uncommon or rare. A number of showy species 
grow in the United States, the best known of which are the lady- 
slippers. Our species usually inhabit bogs or deep woods. 

Iridacese, the Iris family, comprises many showy garden 
plants; as, iris, gladiolus, sparaxis, tritonia or montbretia, 
babiana, ixia, crocus, tigridia, and the like. The family in- 
cludes about 60 genera and 700 species. 

The Amaryllis family, Amaryllidacese, includes many lily-like 
plants, such as nerine or guernsey lily, vallota, narcissus, galan- 
thus, leucoium, hippeastrum, crinum, agave, polianthes or 
tuberose, eucharis, etc. About 700 species and 64 genera are 
included in the family. 

Over 2000 species, in 187 genera, comprise Liliacese, or the 
Lily family. Some of the species are tree-like. Here belong 
the onion, asparagus, tulip, aloes, yuccas, hellebore, and many 
choice ornamental plants. Of lilies, there are about 50 species, 
tulips in the neighborhood of 50, and of hyacinths about 30. 

The Palm family, Palmse, includes 1100 or more species and 
132 genera. Many species produce edible fruits, the best known 
in our markets being the date and the cocoanut. 

The Graminese or Grass family is the most important order of 
plants to the agriculturist. Besides all the grasses, it furnishes 
all the cereal grains, including Indian corn and the sugar-cane. 
Genera about 300 ; species more than 3000. 

The Pine or Spruce family is known as the Conif erse, or cone- 
bearing family. It includes plants of very dissimilar kinds. 
Most of the species have needle-like and evergreen leaves, but 
some are deciduous, and the gingko has broad and flat leaves. 

8 



258 horticulturist's rule-book. 

There are more than 30 genera and about 300 species in the 
family. Of pines there are about 70, and 35 of them are native 
to the United States. 

There are about 74 genera of ferns or Filices, and in the neigh- 
borhood of 2400 species. Some of the species attain to the size of 
small trees. 

7. Classification of Horticulture. 

{Bailey, Annals of Horticulture, 1891.) 

I. Pomology, the art and science of growing fruit, 

1. Viticulture^ or Grape-Growing. 

2. Orchard Culture, comprising: 

Pomaceous fruits ; Drupaceous or Stone fruits ; 
Citrous fruits ; Nut fruits (Nuciculture) ; Palma- 
ceous fruits ; and others. 
8. Small-Fruit Culture, comprising: 

Bush fruits (raspberry, blackberry, dewberry, cur- 
rant, gooseberry, juneberry, and others) ; Straw- 
berries. 
4. Cranherry Culture. 
11. Olericulture, the art and science of growing kitchen- 
garden vegetables. Comprises the following groups or 
esculents : 

Radicaceous (potatoes and root crops) ; Brassicaceous 
(cabbage-like plants); Alliaceous (onion-like plants); 
Spinaceous and Acetariaceous (salad and salad-like 
plants); Asparagaceous (asparagus, chicory, sea-kale 
and the like) ; Leguminaceous (peas and beans) ; Cucur- 
bitaceous (melons, cucumbers, squashes); Solanaceous 
(red peppers, tomatoes, egg-plants) ; Aromatic esculents 
and sweet herbs ; Cryptogamic esculents (mushrooms). 

III. Floriculture, the art and science of cultivating orna- 

mental plants for their individual uses. 

IV, Candscape-Horticulture, the art and science of growing 

ornamental plants, especially trees and shrubs, for their 
uses in the landscape. Generally confounded with 
landscape-gardening. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS, AND ANALYSES. 

I. The Elements and their Symbols, and the Composition of 
Various Substances. 



Aluminium . 






. Al. 


Antimony 
Arsenic . 






. Sb. 
. As. 


Barium 






. Ba. 


Bismuth . . 






. Bi. 


Boron . . 






. B. 


Bromine . 






. Br. 


Cadmium 






. Cd. 


Caesium . 






. Cs. 


Calcium . . 






. Ca. 


Carbon , . 






. C. 


Cerium . 






. Ce. 


Chlorine . . 






. CI. 


Chromium . 






. Cr. 


Cobalt . 






. Co. 


Columbium 






. Cb. 


Copper 
Didymium 
Erbium . 






. Cu. 
. . D. 
. Er. 


Fluorine . 






. . F. 


Gallium . 






. Ga. 


Glucinum 






. Gl. 


Gold . . 






. Au. 


Hydrogen 
Indium 






. . H. 
. In. 


Iodine . . 






. I. 


Iridium . 






. Ir. 


Iron . . . 






. Fe. 


Lanthanum 






. . La. 


Lead . . 






. Pb. 


Lithium . 






. Li. 


Magnesium . 






. ^Alg. 


Manganese 






. Mn 



Mercury . . 
Molybdenum 
Nickel . . 






. Hg. 
. Mo. 

. Ni. 


Nitrogen . . 






. N. 


Osmium . . 






. Os. 


Oxygen . 
Palladium 






. 0. 
. Pd. 


Phosphorus . 
Platinum . 






. P. 
. Pt. 


Potassium , 






. K. 


Rhodium . . 






. Rh. 


Rubidium 






. Rb. 


Ruthenium . 






. Ru. 


Scandium 






. So. 


Selenium . . 






. Se. 


Silicon . . . 






. Si. 


Silver . . 
Sodium . 






. Ag. 
. Na. 


Strontium 






. Sr. 


Sulphur . 
Tantalum 






. . S. 
. . Ta. 


Tellurium 






. . Te. 


Thallium . 






. . Tl. 


Thorium . 






. Th. 


Tin . . . 






. . Sn. 


Titanium . 






. . Ti. 


Tungsten . 






. . W. 


Uranium . 






. . U. 


Vanadium 






. . V. 


Yttrium . 






. . Y. 


Zinc . . 






. Zn. 


Zirconium 






. Zr. 



259 



260 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



The Composition of 



Acetic acid . . 
Ammonia . . 
Aniline . . . 
Arsenious oxide 
Carbonic oxide . 
Carbonic dioxide 
Cliloroform . . 
Ferric oxide . . 
Ferrous oxide . 



C2H4O2 

NH3 

NHaCCeHs) 

AS4O6 

CO 

CO2 

CHCI3 

FesOa 

FeO 



Hydrochloric acid . HCl 



Various Substances. 

Mercuric oxide 
Nitric acid . . 
Nitric oxide ; 
Nitrous oxide . 
Nitric peroxide 
Sulphuretted hydrogen 
Sulphurous oxide 
Sulphuric oxide . 
Sulphuric acid . 
Water .... 



H?0 
•HNO3 
NO 
N2O 

NO2 

rfzS 

SO2 

SO3 

H2SO4 

H2O 



2. Analyses. 
Compiled from many reliable sources, largely from the labors 
of Drs. Goessmann and S. W. Johnson. 

(a) General Analyses op Fruits and Fruit-Plants. 
1. Various Fruits. (Fresenius.) 





be 


'3 


CO 

a - 


03 3 

B S 

CO 

Pi d 

'/a 




c 

1 
^ 


Apples 


6.83 


.85 


.45 


.47 


14.96 


82.04 


Apricots 


1.531 


.766 


.389 


9.283 


12.723 


82.115 


Austrian Grapes . . 


13.78 


1.020 


.832 


.498 


16.49 


79.997 


Cultivated Strawberries 


7.575 


1.133 


.359 


.119 


9.666 


87.474 


Cultivated Raspberries 


4.708 


1.356 


.544 


1.746 


8.835 


86.557 


Green Grapes . . . 


2.96 


.96 


.477 


10.475 


15.19 


80.841 


Heart-Cherries . 






13.11 


.351 


.903 


2.286 


17.25 


75.37 


Mulberries . . . 






9.193 


1.86 


.394 


2.031 


14.043 


84.707 


Peaches . . . 






1.580 


.612 


.463 


6.313 


9.39 


84.99 


Pears .... 






7.00 


.074 


.26 


3.281 


10.90 


83.95 


Red Currants 






4.78 


2.31 


.45 


.28 


8.36 


85.84 


Red Gooseberries 






8.063 


1.358 


.441 


9.69 


11.148 


85.565 


Wild Raspberries 






3.599 


1.980 


.546 


1.107 


7.500 


83.86 


Wild Strawberries 






3.2471.650 


.619 


.145 


6.398 


87.271 



ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS, AND ANALYSES. 261 

2. Subtropical Fruits. {Parsons.) 







a 




^' 




*^ 






'S 


« 






o 


00 


be 




c3 


.a 




"2 

o . 


1 . 






p. 


o 


* 




V 


« 






a; «i 




i? 


V 


ej 


O 


M 




4) 




h ti 


'^'^ 




+s 


tS 


0) 


w 


0) 


<D 


-^ 




= ? 


£ tJ 




rt 


s 


9 


S 


a 


^ 


S 




■^i: 






^ 






















O 


Pm 


O 


O 


M 


2.63 


< 
.761 


•< 
.177 


;zi 


Sweet Pomegranates . . 


T8.27 


1.33 


0.368 


11.61 


1.04 


1.24 


15.77 


Sour " 


75.41 


1.60 


1.85 


10.40 


0.26 


2.05 


2.83 


.544 


.203 


17.57 


Persimmons 


66.12 


0.827 


0.000 


13.54 


1.03 


0.701 


1.78 


.861 




29.71 


Florida Oranpes — 






















liitter-sw eet . . . . 


86. 80 


0.815 


0.417 


5.71 


0.84 


0.243 










Tanjreriiie . 






83.56 


0.792 


0.477 


6.00 


3.41 


2.50 










Mandarin 








79.95 


0.834 


0.855 


4.77 


8.07 


0.146 










Bloods . 








S5.57 


0.70(» 


0.670 


5.70 


3.94 


0.100 










Navels . 








83.70 


1.12 


0.062 


6.03 














Russets . 








83.1S 


0.905 


0.817 


7.29 


4.51 












Common 








86.58 


0.S62 


0.756 


4.60 


4.38 


0.076 










Sour . . 








86.76 


1.03 


2.55 


3.86 


0.97 


0.125 










Messina Oranges — 






















Guy Pope 


86.22 


0.980 


1.18 


5.95 


1.82 


0.166 











3. Strawberries, Average of 20 Vaneties. {Stone.) 

Water 90.52 

Solids 9.48 

Free acid 1.37 

Glucose 4.78 

Glucose after inversion 5.46 

Difference calculated as cane-sugar 0.58 

COMPOSITION OF DRY MATTER. 

Ash .... 6.53 

Crude fiber 16.35 

Ether extract 6.75 

Crude protein 10.51 

Non-nitrogenous extract 60.79 

4. Raspberries. { Weber.) 

Reliance. Gregg. 

Sugar. . 1.78 2.82 

Acid 0.92 0.64 

Seed 3.5 5.612 



262 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



Reliance. Gregg. 

Pectose, protein, combined acids, etc 3.92 5.91 

Ash 0.43 0.42 

Fiber 0.32 • 0.48 

Water 89.13 84.12 



5. Peach, Branches. (Kedzie.) 



Diseased by 

Ash constituents. Healthy, yellows. 

Silica, Si02 1.21 1.40 

Oxide of iron, Fe203 0.92 0.84 

Lime, CaO 43.67 45.02 

Magnesia, MgO 2.53 2.40 

Potash, K2O 7.07 4.93 

Soda, Na20 1.88 2.33 

Phosphoric acid, P2O5 7.20 6.03 

Sulphuric oxide, SO3 0.54 0.83 

Carbon dioxide, CO2 . .34.71 35.85 

Chlorine 0.07 0.11 

Moisture and loss 0.30 0.26 

Total moo 100.00 



6. Peach, Fruit and Branches. (Goessmann.) 






s*! . 


>M 


>. . 


>.:2 




t: >) 


" ^ 


'hV, 


% ^ 




A -3 


iwi.- 


1 Wo 


\H.2 


AsF Constituents. 


Fruit - 
awford's 
oach, he: 


Fruit - 
awford's 
h, diseas 

yellow 


Branch 
awford's 
jach, res 


Branch 
awford's 
b, diseas 

yellow 






OS 


6^ 


oi 






ft 




0. 




Per 


Per 


Per 


Per 




cent. 


cent. 


cent. 


cent. 


Ferric oxide, Fe203 .... 


0.58 


0.46 


0.52 


1.45 


Calcium oxide, CaO . . . 


2.64 


4.68 


54.52 


64.23 


Magnesium oxide, MgO . . 


6.29 


5.49 


7.58 


10.28 


Phosphoric acid, P2O5 . . . 


16.02 


18.07 


11.37 


8.37 


Potassium oxide, K2O . . . 


74.46 


71.30 


26.01 


15.67 


Total 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 



ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS, AND ANALYSES. 263 



7. Fertilizing Constituents in Various Products. 
In Roots, Tubers, etc. 

Name. Ash. 

Potatoes 0.99 

Red Beets 1.13 

Sugar Beets 1.04 

Mangels 1.22 

Turnips 1.01 

Ruta-bagas 1.06 

Carrots 9.22 



Phosphoric 
Nitrogen. acid. Potash. 

0.07 0.29 

0.09 0.44 

0.10 0.48 

0.09 0.38 

0.10 0.39 

0.12 0.49 

0.09 0.51 



0.21 
0.24 
0.22 
0.19 
0.18 
0.19 
0.15 



In Grains and Seeds. 

Corn Kernels 1.53 1.82 0.70 0.40 

Sorghum Seed 1.48 0.81 0.42 

Barley 2.48 1.51 0.79 0.48 

Oats. . 2.98 2.06 0.82 0.62 

Winter Wheat 2.36 0.89 0.61 

Rye 1.76 0.82 0.54 

Rice ......... 0.82 1.08 0.18 0.09 

Buckwheat ....... ... 1.44 0.44 0.21 

Soja Beans 4.99 5.30 1.87 1.99 



In the Ash of Fruits (Goessmann) . 



Name. 

Lombard Plums 
Peaches. . . 
Baldwin Apples 
Asparagus, stem 
roots 
Clinton Grapes 
Concord Grapes 
Cranberries 
White Currants 
Black Raspberries 
Blackberries . 
Blueberries . . 



Potash. 
76.59 
74.46 
63.54 
42.94 
56.43 
57.40 
62.29 
47.96 
53.81 
50.00 
51.42 
31.36 



Soda. 



1.71 
3.58 
5.42 
3.51 

6.58 



Lime. 
13.26 
2.64 
7.28 
27.18 
15.48 
13.10 
15.50 
18.58 
17.46 
19.44 
17.22 
28.02 



Phosphoric 
Magn. acid. 



2.17 
6.29 
5.52 
12.77 
7.57 
7.24 
1.76 
6.78 
4.72 
9.60 
5.30 
9.25 



7.44 
16.03 
20.87 
12.31 
15.09 
17.87 
18.49 
14.27 
22.54 
20.47 
24.13 
29.05 



264 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



(6) Analyses of Fruit and Garden Products 
8. Analysis of Garden Crops and Fevtiliz- 

ONE THOUSAND PARTS 



Name. 



Corn, kernels .... 

stalk and leaves . 

Potato, tubers .... 

vines .... 

Peas, seed 

vines 

Beans, seed 

vines 

Carrots, roots .... 

leaves .... 

Sugar Beet, roots . . . 

leaves . . 

White Turnip, roots . . 

leaves 
Swedish Turnip, roots . 
leaves . 
White Cabbage, head 

roots . 
Savoy Cabbage, head . . 

Cauliflower 

Horseradish, roots . . 
Spanish Radish, roots . 
Parsnip, roots .... 
Artichoke, roots . . . 
Asparagus, sprouts . . 
Common Onion, bulb . 

Celery 

Spinage ...... 

Common Lettuce . . . 
Head Lettuce .... 

Roman Lettuce . . . 

Cucumber 

Pumpkin . . . . . . 

Rhubarb, roots .... 

stem and leaves 

Apples 

Pears 

Cherries 

Plums 

Gooseberries .... 
Strawberries .... 
Grapes 

seeds 












u 


^ 




.a 


^ 


£ 


^ 


S 


^ 


"^ 


< 


Pi 


144. 


16.0 


12.4 


3.7 


150. 


4.8 


45.3 


16.4 


750. 


3.4 


9.5 


5.8 


770. 


4.9 


19.7 


4.3 


143. 


35.8 


23.4 


10.1 


160. 


10.4 


43.1 


9.9 


150. 


39.0 


27.4 


12.0 


160. 




40.2 


12.8 


850. 


2.2 


8.2 


8.0 


822. 


6.1 


23.9 


2.9 


815. 


1.6 


7.1 


8.8 


897. 


3.0 


15.3 


4.0 


920. 


1.8 


6.4 


2.9 


898. 


3.0 


11.9 


2.8 


870. 


2.1 


7.5 


8.5 


884. 


3.4 


19.5 


2.8 


900. 


3.0 


9.6 


4.3 


890. 


2.4 


15.6 


5.8 


871. 


5.3 


14.0 


3.9 


904. 


4.0 


8.0 


8.6 


767. 


4.3 


19.7 


7.7 


933. 


1.9 


4.9 


1.6 


793. 


5.4 


10.0 


5.4 


811. 




10.1 


2.4 


933. 


3.2 


5.0 


1.2 


860. 


2.7 


7.4 


2.5 


841. 


2.4 


17.6 


7.6 


923. 


4.9 


16.0 


2.5 


940. 




8.1 


3.7 


943. 


2.2 


10.1 


3.9 


925. 


2.0 


9.8 


2.5 


956. 


1.6 


5.8 


2.4 


900. 


1.1 


4.4 


0.9 


743.5 


5.5 


28.8 


5.3 


916.7 


1.3 


17.2 


8.6 


.831. 


0.6 


2.^ 


0.8 


831. 


0.6 


8.3 


1.8 


825. 




8.9 


2.0 


838. 




2.9 


1.7 • 


903. 




8.8 


1.8 


902. 




3.8 


0.7 


830. 


1.7 


8.8 


5.0 


110. 


19.0 


22.7 


6.9 



0.1 
0.5 
0.8 
0.4 
0.2 
1.8 
0.4 
8.2 
1.7 
4.7 
0.6 
2.0 
0.6 
1.1 
0.4 
0,8 
0.8 
1.5 
1.4 
0.5 
0.4 
1.0 
0.2 
0.7 
0.9 
0.2 

b.i 
0.8 
0.8 
8.5 
0.6 
0.9 

0.3 
0.6 
0.3 
0.1 

ois 

0.9 
0.1 
0.5 



ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS, AND ANALYSES. 265 

WITH Reference to their Fertilizing Constituents. 
ing Constituents. ( Wolff and Goessmann.) 
OF the plants contain : 



Name. 



Corn, kernels .... 

stalk and leaves . 

Potato, tubers .... 

vines .... 

Peas, seed 

vines 

Beans, seed 

vines .... 

Carrots, roots .... 

leaves . . . 

Sugar Beet, roots . . 

leaves . . 

White Turnip, roots . 

leaves . 

Swedish Turnip, roots . 

leaves 

White Cabbage, head 

roots . 
Savoy Cabbage, head . 

Cauliflower 

Horseradish, roots . . 
Spanish Radish, roots . 
Parsnip, roots .... 
Artichoke, roots . . . 
Asparagus, sprout . . 
Common Onion, bulb . 

Celery 

Spinach 

Common Lettuce . . 
Head Lettuce .... 
Roman Lettuce , . . 

Cucumber 

Pumpkin 

Rliubarb, roots . . . 
stem and leaves 

Apples 

Pears 

Cherries 

Plums 

Gooseberries .... 
Strawberries .... 

Grapes 

seeds 



® 

B 


4 

a 


Is 


0.3 


1.9 


5.7 


4.9 


2.6 


3.8 


0.3 


0.5 


1.6 


6.4 


8.8 


1.6 


1.1 


1.9 


8.4 


15.9 


3.5 


8.5 


1.5 


2.1 


9.7 


11.1 


2.5 


8.9 


0.9 


0.4 


1.1 


7.9 


0.8 


1.0 


0.4 


0.6 


0.9 


3.1 


1.7 


0.7 


0.7 


0.2 


0.8 


3.9 


0.5 


0.9 


0.9 


0.3 


1.1 


6.5 


0.8 


2.0 


1.2 


0.4 


1.1 


2.8 


0.6 


1.4 


8.0 


0.5 


2.1 


0.5 


0.3 


1.6 


2.0 


0.4 


2.0 


0.7 


0.2 


0.5 


1.1 


0.6 


1.9 


1.0 


0.4 


1.1 


0.6 


0.2 


0.9 


1.6 


0.3 


1.8 


2.3 


1.0 


2.2 


1.9 


1.0 


1.6 


0.5 


0.2 


0.7 


1.5 


0.6 


1.0 


1.2 


0.4 


1.1 


0.4 


0.2 


1.2 


0.3 


0.2 


1.6 


5.0 


1.6 


0.6 


3.4 


1.3 


0.2 


0.1 


0.2 


0.3 


0.3 


0.2 


0.5 


0.3 


0.2 


0.6 


0.3 


0.2 


0.4 


0.4 


0.2 


0.7 


0.5 




0.5 


1.0 


0.4 


1.4 


6.6 


1.4 


7.0 



0.1 
2.4 
0.6 
1.8 
0.8 
2.7 
1.1 
1.7 
0.5 
1.8 
0.3 
0.8 
0.7 
1.1 
0.7 
2.3 
1.3 
2.4 
1.2 
1.0 
4.9 
0.3 
0.5 
1.3 
0.3 
0.4 
1.0 
1.1 
0.8 
0.4 
0.4 
0.4 
0.1 



0.1 
0.2 
0.2 
0.1 
0.2 
0.1 
0.5 

o.s 



0.2 
0.6 
0.8 
1.1 
0.4 
2.8 
0.3 
3.1 
0.4 
2.4 
0.3 
1.3 
0.3 
1.2 
0.5 
1.5 
0.5 
1.3 
1.1 
0.8 
0.8 
0.5 
0.4 
0.5 
0.8 
0.2 
2.8 
1.0 
0.4 
0.8 
0.4 
0.4 



0.1 



0.1 
0.1 
0.1 



266 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



9. Apple-Pomace. 



Water 
Ash . 



. 69.90 
. 0.71 



Albuminoids 1.58 

Fiber. , 4.87 

Nitrogen-free extract 21.24 

Fat ... c 1.71 



Moisture at 100° C. 

Nitrogen 0.77 

Ash constituents . . 2.45 

Ferric oxide .... 0.087 

Calcium oxide , . . 0.404 



10. Cranberry- Vines. 

. 13.07 Phosphoric acid . 
Magnesium oxide 
Sodium oxide . 
Potassium oxide 
Insoluble matter 



100.00 

0.268 
0.253 
0.080 
0.329 
0.834 



11. Corn-Fodder. 



Moisture at 100° C. . 
Nitrogen .... 
Phosphoric acid . . 
Calcium oxide . . 
Magnesium oxide . 



24.87 
0.995 
0.201 
0.310 
0.093 



Potassium oxide . . 1.465 

Sodium oxide . . . 0.794 

Ferric oxide .... 0.026 

Insoluble matter . . 1.318 



12. Corn Kernels, New. 

Water 20.00 

Ash 1.25 

Albuminoids 8.06 

Fiber 1.54 

Nitrogen -free extract 65.38 

Fat 3.77 

100.00 

13. Pea-Straw. 

Potash 4.73 

Lime 54.91 

Magnesia 6.88 



ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS, AND ANALYSES. 267 



Oxide of iron 0.40 

Oxide of Manganese 0.15 

Phosphoric acid 4.83 

Sulphuric acid 6.77 

Chlorine 0.09 

Alumina 1.21 

20.03 



Silica 



Potash 



100.00 



14. Peas. 



36.05 

Soda 7.42 

Lime 5.29 

Magnesia 18.46 

Oxide of iron 0.99 

Phosphoric acid 33.29 

Sulphuric acid 4.36 

Chloride of sodium 3.13 

Silica.. 0.51 

100.00 
15. Beet, Egyptian Turnip. 

Moisture at 100° C. . 85.800 Magnesium oxide 

Nitrogen 0.177 

Phosphoric acid . . 0.070 

Potassium oxide . . 0.303 

Calcium oxide . . 0.049 



Sodium oxide 
Ferric oxide . . 
Insoluble matter 



0.035 
0.061 
0.002 
0.018 



Moisture at 100° C. 
Ferric oxide . . . 
Phosphoric acid . . 
Magnesium oxide . 
Calcium oxide . . 



16. Carrots, 

90.02 Potassium oxide 
Sodium oxide . 
Nitrogen . . 



0.01 
0.10 
0.02 
0.07 



Insoluble matter 



17. Turnip, Ruta-baga. 

Moisture at 100° C. . 87.230 Magnesium oxide 
Nitrogen 0.211 Sodium oxide 



0.54 
0.11 
0.14 
0.01 



0.030 
0.051 



268 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



Phosphoric acid . . 0.136 
Potassium oxide . . 0.546 
Calcium oxide . . 0.106 



Ferric oxide . . 
Insoluble matter 



(c) Analyses of Animal Excrements. 
18. Common Barnyard Manure, Fresh. 



Water 710.0 



Organic substance 

Ash 

Nitrogen . . . 
Potash .... 
Soda .... 



246.0 

44.1 

4.5 

5.2 

1.5 



Lime . . . 
Magnesia . . 
Phosphoric acid 
Sulphuric acid . 
Silica and sand 
Chlorine and fluorine 



19. Common Barnyard Manure, Moderately Rotted. 



Water 750.0 



Organic substance 

Ash 

Nitrogen . . . 
Potash .... 
Soda 



192.0 

58.0 

5.0 

6.3 

1.9 



Lime .... 

Magnesia . . 
Phosphoric acid 
Sulphuric acid . 
Silica and sand 
Chlorine and fluorine 



20. Common Barnyard Manure, Thoroughly Rotted. 
Water 790.0 Lime .... 



Organic substance 

Ash 

Nitrogen 
Potash .... 
Soda .... 



145.0 Magnesia 

65.0 Phosphoric acid 

5.8 Sulphuric acid 

5.0 Silica and sand 

1.3 Chlorine and fluorine 



21. Cattle-Feces, Fresh. 

Water 838.0 Lime ..... 

Organic substance . . 145.0 Magnesia . . . 

Ash 17.3 Phosphoric acid 

Nitrogen 2.9 Sulphuric acid . . 

Potash 1 .0 Silica and sand 

Soda ....... 0.2 Chlorine and fluorine 



0.002 
0.001 



5.7 
1.4 
2.1 
1.2 
12.5 
1.5 



7.0 
1.8 
2.6 
1.6 
16.8 
1.9 



8.8 
1.8 
3.0 
1.3 
17.0 
1.6 



3.4 
1.3 
1.7 
0.4 

7.2 
0.2 



ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS, AND ANALYSES. 269 



22. Cattle-Urine, Fresh. 



Water 938.0 

Organic substance . . 36.0 

Ash 27.4 

Nitrogen 5.8 

Potash 4.9 



Soda 



6.4 



Lime 0.1 

Magnesia 0.4 

Sulphuric acid .... 1.3 

Silica and sand . . . . 0.3 

Chlorine and fluorine . 3.8 



Water 

Organic substance . .211.0 

Ash 31.6 

Nitrogen , . . . . 4.4 

Potash 3.6 

Soda 0.6 



23. Horse-Feces, Fresh. 
. . 767.0 Lime . . 



1.5 



Magnesia 1.2 

Phosphoric acid . . .3.5 
Sulphuric acid .... 0.6 
Silica and sand .... 19.6 
Chlorine and fluorine . 0.2 



Water 

Organic substance . . 71.0 

Ash 28.0 

Nitrogen 16.5 

Potash 15.0 

Soda 2.6 



24. Horse-Urine, Fresh. 

. . 901.0 Lime 4.5 

Magnesia 2.4 

Sulphuric acid .... 0.6 

Silica and sand .... 0.8 

Chlorine and fluorine . . 1.5 



25. Sheep-Feces, Fresh. 



Water 656.0 

Organic substance . . 314.0 

Ash 31.1 

Nitrogen 6.5 

Potash 1.5 

Soda 1.0 



Lime ....... 4.6 

Magnesia ...... 1.6 

Phosphoric acid . . . 3. 1 
Sulphuric acid . . . . 1.4 

Silica and sand . . . .17.6 

Chlorine and fluorine . . 0.3 



Water .... 
Organic substance 



26. Sheep-Urine, Fresh. 

. . 872.0 Lime 1.6 

. . 83.0 Magnesia 3.4 



270 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



Ash 45.2 

Nitrogen 19.5 

Potash 22.6 

Soda 5.4 



Phosphoric acid . . . 0.1 

Sulphuric acid . . . . 3.0 

Silica and sand . . . .0.1 

Chlorine and fluorine . . 5.6 



27. Swine-Feces, Fresh. 



Water 820.0 

Organic substance . .150.0 

Ash • . 30.0 

Nitrogen 6.0 

Potash 2.6 

Soda 2.5 



Lime 0.9 

Magnesia 1.0 

Phosphoric acid .... 4. 1 
Sulphuric acid .... 0.4 
Silica and sand .... 15.0 
Chlorine and fluorine . .0.3 



28. Swine-Urine, Fresh. 



Water 967.0 

Organic substance . . 28.0 

Ash 15.0 

Nitrogen 4.3 

Potash 8.3 



Soda 2.1 

Magnesia 0.8 

Phosphoric acid .... 0.7 
Sulphuric acid .... 0.8 
Chlorine and fluorine . .2.3 



29. Human Feces, Fresh. 



Water 772.0 

Organic substance . . 198.0 

Ash 29.9 

Nitrogen 10.0 

Potash 2.5 

Soda 1.6 



Lime 6.2 

Magnesia 3.6 

Phosphoric acid .... 10.9 
Sulphuric acid .... 0.8 
Silica and sand . . . . 1.9 
Chlorine and fluorine . .0.4 



30. Human Urine, Fresh. 



Water 963.0 

Organic substance . . 24.0 

Ash 13.5 

Nitrogen 6.0 

Potash 2.0 

Soda 4.6 



Lime .0.2 

Magnesia 0.2 

Phosphoric acid . . . . 1.7 
Sulphuric acid .... 0.4 
Chlorine and fluorine . . 5.0 



ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS, AND ANALYSES. 271 



31. Hen-Manure, Frrs''). 

Water 560.0^ Lime . . . . 

Organic substance . . 255.0 Magnesia . . . 

Ash 185.0 Phosphoric acid 

Nitrogen 16.3 Sulphuric acid . 

Potash 8,5 Silica and sand . 

Soda 1.0 

32. Goose-Manure, Fresh. 

Water 771.0 Lime . . . . 

Organic substance . . 134.0 Magnesia . . 

Ash 95.0 Phosphoric acid 

Nitrogen 5.5 Sulphuric acid . 

Potash 9.5 Silica and Sand 

Soda 1.3 

33. Duck-Manure, Fresh. 

Water 566.0 Lime .... 

Organic substance . . 262.0 Magnesia . . . 

Ash 172.0 Phosphoric acid 

Nitrogen 10.0 Sulphuric acid . 

Potash 6.2 Silica and sand . 

Soda 0.5 

34. Dove-Manure, Fresh. 

Water 519.0 Lime .... 

Organic substance . . 308.0 Magnesia . . . 

Ash 173.0 Phosphoric acid 

Nitrogen 17.6 Sulphuric acid . 

Potash 10.0 Silica and sand 

Soda ....... 0.7 



24.0 
7.4 

15.4 
4.5 

35.2 



8.4 
2.0 
5.4 
1.4 
14.0 



17,0 
3.5 

14.0 
3.5 

28.0 



16,0 
5.0 

17.8 
3.3 

20.2 



(d) Analyses of Various Materials which are used 
FOR Fertilizers. 



Moisture at 100° C, . 
Total phosphoric acid 



35. Peruvian Guano 

. . 12,17 
18,45 



Total nitrogen ^. . . 5,13 
Actual ammonia , . 3.94 



272 



HORTICULTURIST S RULE-BOOK. 



Soluble phosphoric acid 1.54 
Keverted phosphoric acid 5.92 
Insoluble phosphoric acid 10,99 
Potassium oxide . . . 3.46 



Organic nitrogen . . 0.86 
Nitrogen as nitric acid 0.33 
Insoluble matter . . 13.64 



Moisture at 100° C. 
Organic matter . . 
Mineral matter . . 
Ferric oxide . . . 
Calcium oxide . . 
Magnesium oxide . 



36. Oak-Leaves. 
9.601 Potassium oxide 



83.360 
6.840 
0.027 
0.548 
0.267 



Phosphoric acid 
Nitrogen . . 
Soluble silica . 
Insoluble silica 



37. Seaweed. (Two samples.) 

I. 

Moisture at 100° C 12.05 

Nitrogen 1.66 

Phosphoric acid 0.44 

Potassium oxide 3.81 

Calcium oxide 2.73 

Magnesium oxide 1.48 

Sodium oxide 11.75 

Chlorine 6.40 

Insoluble matter 7.73 



0.549 
0.058 
0.930 
0.018 
4.333 



II. 

14.96 
1.28 
0.17 
0.36 
3.86 
1.30 
8.40 
5.28 
0.78 



38. Tobacco- Stems. 

Water 13.47 

Organic and volatile matters (containing nitrogen 1.93) . 70.85 

Ash (containing phosphoric acid .53) ♦ 15.68 

100.00 
39. Dissolved Bone-Black. 

This material is a superphosphate prepared by treating refuse 
bone-black from sugar refineries with oil of vitriol, which ren- 
ders nearly all the phosphoric acid soluble in water. 

Soluble phosphoric acid 14.55 

Reverted phosphoric acid 2.39 

Insoluble phosphoric acid 0.20 



ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS, AND ANALYSES. 273 

40. Bone-Black. 

Moisture at 100° C. . . 5.04 Phosphoric acid . . . 16.56 
Ash 67.43 Insoluble matter . . . 0.37 

41. Bone Charcoal. 

Moisture at 100° C. . .18.16 Reverted phosphoric 

Ash 72.24 acid 5.18 

Total phosphoric acid . 25.58 Insoluble phosphoric 

Soluble phosphoric acid 0.38 acid 20.02 

Insoluble matter . . . 0.69 

42. Ground Bones. (Two samples.) 

I. ir. 

Moisture at 100° C 3.97 12.43 

Ash 49.35 64.21 

Total phosphoric acid 19.49 25.67 

Reverted phosphoric acid 3.80 6.20 

Insoluble phosphoric acid 15.69 19.34 

Nitrogen 4.04 2.68 

Insoluble matter 0.78 0.42 

43. Dried Blood. 
Moisture 15.02 Nitrogen 8.24 

44. Dry Ground Fish. 

Moisture at 100° C • 8.34 

Ash 37.76 

Total phosphoric acid 8.23 

Soluble phosphoric acid ■ • • 0.10 

Reverted phosphoric acid 3.81 

Insoluble phosphoric acid 4.32 

Nitrogen 6.81 

Insoluble matter 0.82 

45. Sulphate of Ammonia. 

This article, now manufactured on a large scale as a by-prod- 
uct of gas-works, usually contains over 20 per cent of nitrogen, 

T 



274 horticulturist's rule-book. 

the equivalent of from 94 to 97 per cent of sulphate of ammo- 
nia. Tlie rest is chiefly moisture. 

Nitrogen 20.02 Equivalent ammonia . . 24.30 

46. Salphate of Potash. (Two samples.) 

The double sulphate of potash and magnesia is usually sold 
as "sulphate of potash." 

Actual potash 27.76 51.28 

Equivalent sulphate of potash 51.3 94.80 

47. Sulphate of Magnesia. 

Moisture at 100° C. . . 29.01 Sulphuric acid .... 30.35 
Magnesium oxide . . . 15.87 Insoluble matter . . . 6.29 

48. Nitrate of Soda. 

Nitrate of soda is mined in Chile and purified there before 
shipment. It usually contains about IG per cent of nitrogen, 
equivalent to 97 per cent of pure nitrate of soda. It contains, 
besides, a little salt and some moisture. 

Moisture 35 Sulphate of soda . . , 0.21 

Salt (sodium chloride) . . .23 Ture nitrate of soda . . 99.21 

49. Muriate of Potash. (Two samples.) 

Commercial muriate of potash consists of about 80 per cent 

of muriate of potash (potassium chloride) ; ^5 per cent or 

more of connnon salt (sodium chloride), and 4 per cent or 

more of water. 

I. ir. 

Actual potash 50.0 52.82 

Equivalent muriate 79.2 83.70 

50. German Potash Salts — Average of 11 Av.alyses. 

Moisture at 100° C. . . 13.14 Magnesium oxide . . . 9.25 

Potassium oxide . . , 21. G3 Sulphuric acid .... 10.85 

Sodium oxide . . . .13.76 Chlorine 35.63 

Calcium oxide .... 0.85 Insoluble matter . . . 2.08 



ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS, AND ANALYSES. 275 

5L Kainit — Average of 3 Analyses. 
Moisture at 100° C. . . 9.26 Magnesium oxide . . . 8.97 
Potassium oxide . , . 14.04 Sulplmric acid . . . .21.05 

Sodium oxide .... 21.38 Chlorine 32.38 

Calcium oxide .... 1,12 Insoluble matter . . . 0.89 

52. Land-Plaster or Gypsum. 

Hydrated sulphate of lime 74.88 

Matters insoluble in acid 1.23 

Moisture 1.18 

Other matters chiefly carbonate of lime 22.66 

53. Ashes {Wood), Unleached. 

Moisture at 100° C 15.72 

Calcium oxide , 28.61 

Magnesium oxide 3.00 

Ferric oxide 1.03 

Potassium oxide 8.72 

Phosphoric acid 0.32 

Insoluble matter, before calcination 18.49 

" after " 12.12 

54. Ashes (Wood), Leached. 

Moisture at 100° C 13.72 

Calcium oxide 48.07 

Magnesium oxide 6.06 

Ferric oxide 0.68 

Potassium oxide 1.92 

Phosphoric acid 1.79 

Insoluble matter, before calcination 5.49 

" after " 2.57 

55. Coal Ashes, Bituminon.s. 

Water 5.0 Soda 0.4 

Organic substance . . . 5,0 Magnesia 3.2 

Ash 95.0 Phosphoric acid . . , 0.2 

Potash 0.4 Sulphuric acid .... 8.5 



276 horticulturist's rule-book. 

56. Coal Ashes, Anthracite. 

Water 6.0 Soda * 0.1 

Organic substance ... 5.0 Magnesia 3.0 

Ash 90.0 Phosphoric acid . . : 0.1 

Potash 0.1 Sulphuric acid .... 5.0 

57. Gas-Lime — Average of ^Analyses. 

Moisture at 100° C. . .22.28 Sulphur 20.73 

Calcium oxide . . . .42.66 Insoluble matter . . . 6.05 

(e) Trade Values for 1895 or Fertilizing Ingredients 
IN Raw Materials and Chemicals. Adopted by Ex- 
periment Stations of Mass., N. J., Penn., and Conn. 

Cts. 
per lb. 

Nitrogen in ammoniates 18 1 

" nitrates 15 

Organic nitrogen in dry and fine ground fish, meat and blood 16^ 

" cotton-seed meal 12 

" fine bone and tankage 16 

" fine medium bone and tankage ... 14 

" medium bone and tankage . . . . 11 

" coarser bone and tankage . . . . . 5 

" hair, horn-shavings, and coarse fish-scrap 5 

Phosphoric acid, soluble in water 6 

" " ammonium citrate 5| 

*' dry ground fish, fine bone and tankage . . 5| 
" fine-medium bone, and tankage .... 4^ 

" medium bone^and tankage 3 

** coarser bone and tankage 2 

" fine ground fish, cotton-seed meal, and 

wood ashes 5 

" mixed fertilizers insoluble in ammonium 

citrate 2 

Potash as high-grade sulphate and in forms free from mu- 
riate (or chlorides) ^\ 

*' muriate .... 4^ 



CHAPTER XXII. 

GLOSSARY. 

Acclimation. The spontaneous or natural process of becom- 
ing, or the state or condition of being, inured or habituated 
to a climate at first injurious. 

Acclimatization. The act of man in inuring or habituating 
to a climate at first injurious, or the state or condition of 
being thus inured or habituated by man. 

Adventive. Said of foreign plants which grow spontaneously, 
but which are not thoroughly established. 

Agriculture. The art and science of cultivating land and 
of raising plants and animals for economic purposes. The 
term is often restricted to include only the cultivation of 
grains and forage-plants and the rearing of domestic 
animals, with the operations and studies incident thereto. 

Alburnum. Sap-wood. 

Ammonia. A pungent gas, composed of 1 atom of nitrogen 
to 3 of hydrogen. In the commercial form, it is dissolved 
in water. 

Annual. Living for one year only. 

Arm. In grape-culture, a vine-branch more than a year old. 

Assimilation. In botany, the production of organic matter 
from inorganic matter. 

Bacterium (pi. bacteria). As popularly used, the term is 
applied to an extensive class of microscopic organisms, 
usually classed with plants. The term microbe is used in 
the same sense. 

Basin. In descriptions of apples and related fruits, the depres- 
sion at the apex of the fruit. The calyx sits in the basin. 

Berry. In botany, and properly, a separate fruit which is 

277 



278 HORTICULTURISTS RULE-BOOK. 

pulpy and juicy throughout, as the grape, currant, tomato. 
The word is commonly employed to denote any soft fruit 
or fruit-like part which is borne upon a woody or perennial 
plant. The raspberry and blackberry are collections of 
little fruits. 

Biennial. Persisting two years. As a rule, biennial plants do 
not blossom until the second year. 

Bigeneric half-breed. The product of a cross between vari- 
eties of species belonging to different genera. 

Bigeneric hybrid. A hybrid between species of different 
genera; bigener. 

Blight. The dying without apparent cause of the tenderer 
parts of plants, especially of the leaves, flowers, and young 
fruit ; as pear-blight. 

Botany. The science of plants. 

Bottle-grafting. A modification of whip-grafting, by which 
a heel of the scion is conducted into a bottle of water to 
supply temporary nourishment. 

Bottom heat. Heat applied underneath plants by artificial 
means. 

Bract. A much-reduced leaf. Bracts are usually present 
about the inflorescence. 

Break. A radical departure from the type. Ordinarily used 
in the sense of sport, but in its larger meaning it refers to 
the permanent appearance of apparently new or very pro- 
nounced characters in a species. 

Bud. A bud which is inserted in a plant with the intention 
that it shall grow. 

Budding. The operation and practice of inserting a bud in 
a plant with the intention that it shall grow. 

Bud-variety. A strange variety or form appearing, without 
obvious cause, upon a plant or in cuttings or layers; a 
sport. A bud-variety springs from a bud, in distinction 
to those which spring from a seed. 

Bulb. A large, more or less permanent leaf -bud, usually occu- 
pying the base of the stem, and emitting roots from its 
lower portion. Bulbs are of two leading sorts: scaly, 



GLOSSARY. 279 

when composed of narrow and mostly loose scales, as in 
the lily ; laminated or tunicated, when composed of more 
continuous and closer-fitting layers, as in the onion. 

Bulbel. A small bulb borne about a mother-bulb, as in some 
bulbous irises and some onions ; bulbule. 

Bulblet. A small bulb borne entirely above ground, as in the 
axils- of leaves, in the inflorescence, etc. 

Bulbo-tuber. A corm. 

Bulbule. A bulbel. 

Bush. A small woody plant having no central trunk or stem ; 
shrub. 

Bush-fruit. Small fruits, as the currant, gooseberry, rasp- 
berry, and the like. 

Callus. The new and protruding tissue which forms over a 
wound, as over the end of a cutting. 

Calyx. The outer envelope of the flower. The parts, when 
distinct, are called sepals. In apples, pears, etc., part of 
the calyx persists on top of the fruit. 

Cambium. The layer of new tissue which lies underneath the 
bark. It is usually thin and more or less mucilaginous in 
spring and early summer. 

Cane. A young growth of hard-wooded plants. Usually 
applied to ripened or hardened shoots a year or less old. 

Cantaloupe. A class of muskmelons characterized by firm 
and warty or scaly rinds. 

Capsule, A dry seed-vessel which splits open at maturity ; 
pod. 

Carbon dioxide, A gas composed of 1 atom of carbon to 
2 of oxygen. Carbonic acid gas ; it is heavier than air. 

Carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide. 

Carpel. A simple pistil, or one of the divisions of a com- 
pound pistil. 

Cavity, In descriptions of apples and similar fruits, the 
depression about the stalk or stem. ^ 

Chlorophyl. The green coloring matter of plants. 

Cion. See Scion. 

Cleft-graft. A sort of grafting in which the scion is cut 



280 horticulturist's rule-book. 

wedge-shape at the lower extremity, and is then inserted 

in a cleft in the end of a trunk or branch which has been 

severed. 
Close -fertilization. The action of pollen upon the pistil of 

the same flower ; self-fertilization. 
Coldfrarae. A frame covered with glass, cloth, or paper, 

■without bottom heat, used for starting plants early in 

spring, for receiving plants transplanted from a hotbed 

or forcing-house, or for protecting plants during the 

winter. 
Conservatory. A glass house for preserving or growing 

tender plants. Popularly, the term is applied to houses 

in which plants are grown for display of flowers. 
Corm. A solid bulb-like tuber, as in the gladiolus and crocus ; 

bulbo-tuber. 
Corolla. The inner envelope of the flower. The parts, when 

distinct, are called petals. 
Corymb. A flower-cluster which is flat or convex on top, and 

in which the outer flower blooms first. 
Cotyledon. A small leaf borne in the seed ; seed-leaf. In, 

many plants the cotyledons rise to the surface when the 

seed germinates, and increase in size. 
Cross. The offspring of any two flowers which have been 

cross-fertilized. 
Cross-breed. A cross between varieties of the same species ; 

half-breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid. 
Cross-fertilization. The action of pollen upon the pistil of 

another flower of the same species. Cross-fertilization is 

commonly used to denote the mere conveyance of pollen — 

pollination — but better usage confines the term to the 

action of pollen upon the pistil. 
Cross-pollination. The conveyance of the pollen to the 

stigma of another flower. 
Crossing. The o|)eration or practice of cross-pollination. 
Crown-grafting. Grafting at or near the surface of the 

ground. 
Cryptogam. One of the class of flowerless plants. These 



GLOSSARY. 281 

plants propagate by spores instead of seeds. Ferns, fungi, 
mosses, and seaweeds are examples. 

Cucurbit. A plant of the family Cucurbitacese, as pumpkin, 
squash, gourd, melon, cucumber, gherkin, wild balsam- 
apple, etc. 

Cuttage. The practice or process of multiplying plants by 
means of cuttings, or the state or condition of being so 
propagated. 

Cutting. A portion of a plant which is inserted in soil or 
water with the intention that it shall grow ; slip. 

Cyme. A ilower-cluster, flat or convex on top, and in which 
the central flowers open first. 

Deciduous. Said of plants whose leaves fall in autumn. 

Derivative hybrid. A hybrid between hybrids, or between a 
hybrid and one of its parents ; derivation-hybrid ; second- 
ary hybrid. 

Dibber. See Dibble. 

Dibble. A pointed instrument used for making holes in the 
ground for the planting of seeds androots ; dibber. 

Dioecious. Said of species in which the stamens and pistils 
are borne on different plants. 

Disbudding. The practice or operation of removing buds. 

Double-graft. A plant twice grafted for the purpose of over- 
coming the lack of affinity between stock and scion. 

Double-grafting. The practice and process of twice grafting 
or budding a plant so that the root, the stem or a part of it, 
and the top, shall each represent a different variety. It is 
used when a certain variety will not grow upon a given 
root, but which will grow on some variety that unites with 
that root ; double-working. 

Double-TV^orking. See Double-grafting. 

Drupe. A fleshy or soft fruit formed entirely from the ovary, 
and containing a hard pit ; stone-fruit. The peach and 
cherry are examples. 

Embryo. The rudimentary plant contained in the seed ; seed- 
germ. 

Entomology. The science of insects. 



282 horticultukist's rule-book. 

Evergreen. Said of plants which hold their leaves during 

winter. 
Eye. A cutting composed of a single bud. A bud Upon a 

tuber, as a potato eye. 
Family. A group of genera and species, as Cruciferce, mus- 
tard family ; Graminoe, grass family. In botany, order is 

the same. 
Fecundation. The action of the pollen upon the pistil ; ferti- 
lization ; impregnation. 
Female. Used to designate flowers or plants which bear only 

pistils. 
Fertilization. The action of the pollen upon the pistil ; 

fecundation ; impregnation. 
Fertilizer. 1. Any substance which promotes plant- growth. 

2. Plant-food. 
Fertilizing. The act or process of applying fertilizers to 

plants. . The word "fertilization" should be restricted to 

designate the action of pollen. 
Flagging. Wilting of newly set plants or herbaceous cuttings. 
Flat. A shallow box used by gardeners in which to sow seeds 

or handle plants. 
Floricultiure. The cultivation of flowers. 
Florist. One who practices floriculture. 
Flower. An organ which contains a stamen or pistil, or both. 

It is usually provided with some kind of an envelope, as 

calyx and corolla. 
Forcing-house. A structure in which plants are grown or 

forced out of their season. 
Frame. The structure forming the sides and ends of coldframes 

or hotbeds. A frame is usually understood to be the area 

covered by a single sash, when areas are to be designated. 
Fruit. 1. Botanically, a ripened ovary containing the seeds. 

2. Popularly, any edible or ornamental organ or collection 

of organs which are closely associated in their origin with 

the flower. 
Fungicide. A substance employed to destroy fungi. 
Fungoid (adj.). Fungus-like in general appearance or char- 



GLOSSARY. 283 

acteristics. A fungoid disease is one which appears to be 
due to a fungus, but whose character is not understood. 

Fungous {adj.). Tertaining or due to a fungus or to fungi ; 
as, a fungous disease. 

Fungus (pi. fungi) . A flowerless plant, devoid of chlorophyl, 
drawing its nourishment from living plants or animals, or 
from decaying matter. 

Gardener. One who practices horticulture on a small or on 
an intensive scale. . 

Gardening. The art and science of raising kitchen-garden 
vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants ; horticulture. The 
term is commonly restricted, however, to the operations of 
growing kitchen-garden vegetables and flowers. 

Genus (pi. genera). A group or kind containing a greater or 
less number of closely related species ; as Bosa, the rose 
genus, IWa, the linden genus. 

Germination. The act or process by which a seed or spore 
gives rise to a new and independent plant. 

Gourd. An ambiguous term, used in America to designate 
various small fruits of the pumpkin and squash genus 
which are grown for ornament and curiosity. In other 
countries the term is generic for most pumpkins and 
squashes. 

Graft. Scion, which see. 

Graftage. The process of grafting, or the condition or state 
of being grafted. 

Grafting. The operation of inserting a bud or scion upon a 
stock. It is commonly restricted to the operation of insert- 
ing scions of dormant wood, or to those operations in which 
wax or mastic is used to dress the wounds. 

Greenhouse. A glass house in which plants are grown. 
Originally and properly, however, it was applied to houses 
in which plants were simply preserved green during the 
winter. 

Ha-ha. A sunken fence. 

Half-breed. A cross between varieties of the same species; 
crDSS-breed, fnongrel, variety-hybrid. 



284 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Half-hardy (adj.). A term applied to plants which need pro- 
tection during winter, but which can endure some frost. 

Half-hybrid. The product of a cross between a species and 
a variety of another species. 

Hand-box. A box of size sufficient to cover a hill of plants, 
provided with a cover of glass, cloth, or paper, used to 
force plants in the hill. 

Hardiness. Capability to endure a given climate. 

Hardy (adj.). Able to withstand a given climate. 

Heart-'wood. The inner and colored wood of trees. The 
deeper color and greater hardness of heart-wood are due 
chiefly to the deposition of mineral matter in the cells. 

Heeling-in. The process and operation of temporarily cover- 
ing the roots of plants to preserve them until wanted for 
permanent planting. 

Herb. A plant possessing but a small amount of hard, woody 
fiber, the stem of which dies at the approach of winter. 

Herbarium. A collection of preserved plants. The plants 
are usually dried and glued on sheets of paper. 

Horticulture. The art and science of raising fruits, kitchen- 
garden vegetables, flowers, and ornamental trees and 
shrubs. 

Horticulturist. One who practices horticulture. 

Hotbed. A frame covered with glass, cloth, or paper, pro- 
vided with bottom heat, and used for forcing plants. 

Hothouse. A glass house, artificially warmed, in which 
plants are grown. 

Humus. Vegetable mold. Black or brown earth-like material 
formed of decayed vegetable and other organic matter. 

Hy'brid or hyb'rid. The offspring of plants of different 
species. 

Hy'bridism or hyb'ridism. The state, quality, or condition 
of being a hybrid ; hybridity. 

Hy'bridist. One who practices hybridizing. 

Hy'bridity or hyb'ridity. Hybridism. 

Hy'bridization or hyb'ridization. I. The state or condition 
of being hybridized ; or the process or act of hybridizing. 



GLOSSARY. 285 

2. The action of the pollen of one species upon the pistil 

of another species. 
Hy'bridizing or hyb'ridizing. The operation or practice of 

crossing species. 
Impregnation. The action of the pollen upon the pistil ; 

fertilization ; fecundation. 
Inarching. The process of grafting contiguous plants or 

branches while the parts are both attached to their own 

roots. "When the parts unite, one is severed from its own 

support. 
Individual fertilization. Fertilization between flowers upon 

the same plant. 
Inorganic. Pertaining to unorganized substances, as minerals. 

rocks, chemicals, etc. 
Insect. An articulate animal which in the mature state has 

three distinct divisions and six legs. 
Insecticide. A substance employed to destroy insects. 
Kitchen-garden. An area devoted to the cultivation of 

"vegetables," or annual plants which yield edible parts. 
Kitchen-garden vegetable. An edible portion of an annual 

plant. A loose term, commonly shortened to vegetable. 
Landscape-gardening. The art of embellishing grounds in 

such manner that they shall have nature-like or landscape 

effects. It demands a high appreciation of natural scenery, 

and an ability to represent it in grounds. 
Landscape-horticulture. The operations and manual appli- 
ances employed in embellishing grounds ; the industrial 

phase of landscape-gardening. 
Larva (pi. larvce). The worm-like stage of insects. A larva 

is commonly called a worm. 
La-wn. An area of gi-eensward used for ornamental purposes. 
Layer. A shoot of a plant bent down and partly or wholly 

covered with earth with the intention that it shall take 

root, when it can be severed from and become independent 

of the parent plant. 
Layerage. The state or condition of being layered, or the 

operation or practice of layering plants. 



286 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Legume. A simple pod composed of two valves or parts, as 

pea and bean pods. 
Leguminous. Of or pertaining to legumes. Used to desig- 
nate plants of tlie pea and bean family. 
Loam. Friable, mellow, rich soil which contains humus, and 

does not bake or leach. Clay loam has a basis of clay. 

Hard clay soil becomes clay loam by careful and thorough 

tillage and the addition of humus. Sandy loam has a basis 

of sand, and is formed from sandy soils by the addition of 

hunms. 
Maiden (^adj.). Applied to young plants which have not 

borne. 
Male. Used to designate flowers or plants which bear only 

stamens. 
Manure. 1. Any substance which promotes plant-grov^h. 

2. riant-food. 
Microbe. A term applied to various microscopic organisms 

usually classed with plants, which play an important role 

in disease, chemical decomposition, and decay. 
Mildew. A powdery or mold-like growth attached lightly to 

the surface of the plant, particularly when it is white or 

nearly so, as gooseberry-mildew. 
Mongrel. A cross between varieties of the same species ; 

half-breed; cross-breed; variety-hybrid. 
Monoecious. Said of plants in which the stamens and pistils 

are borne in different flowers on the same plant. 
Mother-bulb. The large bulb about which bulbels are formed. 
Mycology. The science of fungi. 
Nursery. An establishment for the rearing of plants. In 

America the w^ord is generally used in connection with 

woody plants only. 
Offscape. The landscape which lies adjacent to one's grounds. 
Olericulture. The cultivation of kitchen-garden vegetables ; 

vegetable-gardening. 
Open. An unplanted portion of groimds; an open lawn or 

field. 
Order. Family, in botany. 



GLOSSARY. 287 

Organic. Pertaining to organized or living bodies or their 

remains. 
Ovary. The lower extremity of the pistil, which, when mature, 

becomes the fruit. It contains the ovules. 
Ovule. A body borne in the ovary, the result of sexual union, 

which, when mature, becomes the seed. 
Panicle. An open and more or less compound flower-cluster. 
Papilionaceous. Butterfly-like ; said of flowers of the pea and 

bean family, from their fancied resemblance to butterflies. 
Parasite. A plant or animal which lives upon living plants or 

animals. 
Pedicel. The stalk of a particular flower in a cluster. A 

flower which is borne singly has a peduncle. 
Peduncle. A stalk of a flower which is borne singly, or of a 

cluster of flowers. 
Pepo. A berry-like fruit in which the rind is hardened, and 

which belongs to the gourd family, as the pumpkin, melon, 

cucumber, etc. 
Perfect. Said of flowers which bear both stamens and pistils. 
Perennial. Persisting from year to year. The term '• perennial " 

is commonly understood to designate herbaceous plants 

which live for many years. 
Perianth. The leaves of a flower. Usually applied to those 

flowers in which the calyx and corolla are nearly alike, as 

the lily. 
Pet'al, or Pe'tal. One of the separate parts of the corolla ; an 

inner leaf of a flower. 
Petiole. The stem of a leaf. 
Phenogam. One of the class of flowering plants. These 

plants propagate by seed. 
Pip. A term applied to certain small seeds or seed-like fruits 

of berries and other fruits. 
Piping. A cutting. 
Pistil. That portion of the flower which receives the pollen 

and bears the seeds. It always has two parts, the stigma 

and the ovary, and these are usually connected by a style. 

It is the female organ of the plant. 



288 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Pistillate. Bearing pistils alone ; female. 

Plantlet. The little plant just emerged from the seed. It 

becomes a plant when it is able to assimilate and lead an 

independent existence. 
Pod. A dry seed-vessel which splits open at maturity ; capsule. 
Pollen. A product of the anthers, wliich is capable of fertiliz- 
ing the stigma. It is usually granular and powdery. 
Pollination. The conveyance of pollen from the anther to the 

stigma. 
Polygamous. Said of plants or species which bear both per- 
fect and imperfect Howers. 
Pome. A fleshy fruit with a papery core surrounded by a 

greatly thickened calyx, as the apple, quince, etc. 
Race. A fixed variety ; that is, a variety which reproduces 

itself more or less uniformly from seeds. 
Raceme. A more or less elongated and simple flower-cluster 

with one-flowered pedicels. 
Regermination. Second germination. Seeds which have been 

checked after germination has begun may resume the 

process under favorable conditions. 
Root. A part of the plant which bears neither leaves nor buds, 

and which absorbs nourishment for the plant, or serves ns 

a support for it. It may be subterranean or aerial. 
Root-cap. The covering upon the end of a growing root. The 

elongation of the root takes place just behind the root-cap. 
Root-grafting. Grafting upon the root. 
Root-hair. A very delicate prolongation of a cell of a young 

root. Root-hairs are active agents in absorbing plant-food. 
Rot. The decay of the thicker part of plants, however brought 

about ; the amount of moisture present determines 

whether it shall be called wet or dry rot. 
Runner. A procumbent or creeping herbaceous ^hoot which 

takes root at the joints. 
Rust. Any plant-disease in which the surface of the plant is 

apparently converted into a powder or scurf, particularly 

when of a ferruginous or blackish color, as wheat-rust. 
Saddle-graft. A sort of grafting in which the scion is split 



GLOSSARY. 289 

below and inserted over the end of the stock, which is cut 

wedge-shape. 
Salad. A dish of uncooked lierbs, or chopped meat combined 

with uncooked herbs. 
Sap. A term designating loosely the liquid contents of plants. 
Saprophyte. A plant which lives upon dead or decaying 

matter, as a mushroom or toadstool. 
Scion, or Cion. A portion of a plant which is mechanically 

inserted upon the same or another plant with the intention 

that it shall grow ; a graft. As commonly used, a scion, 

in distinction from a bud, bears two or more buds. 
Secondary hybrid. A hybrid between hybrids, or between 

a hybrid and one of its parents ; derivative hybrid ; deriva- 
tion-hybrid. 
Seed. The reproductive organ of flowering plants ;' a ripened 

ovule. Its essential part is the embryo, or rudimentary 

plantlet. 
Seedage. The process of propagation by seeds, or the state or 

condition of being propagated by seeds. 
Seed-germ. The rudimentary plant contained in the seed ; 

embryo. 
Seedling. A plant growing directly from the seed, without the 

intervention of grafts or cuttings. 
Self-fertilization. Tlie action of pollen upon a pistil of the 

same flowt^r ; close-fertilization. 
Self-pollination. The transfer of pollen to a pistil of the 

same flower. 
Se'pal, or Sepal. One of the separate parts of the calyx ; an 

outer leaf of a flower. 
Separation. The act or process of multiplying plants by 

means of naturally detacliable asexual organs, or the state 

or condition of being so multiplied. 
Shoot. A soft and growing branch. 
Shrub. A small and bushy woody plant, with no central stem 

or trunk ; a bush. 
Side-graft. A sort of grafting in which the scion is inserted 

in a slit or oblique cleft in the side of the stock. 

D 



^90 horticulturist's rule-book. 

Slip. A cutting. 

Small-fniit, Low and bush-like fruit-plants, and tha fruits 

they produce, as the currant, gooseberry, blackberry, 

strawberry, and the like. 
Splice-graft. A sort of grafting in which both the scion and 

stock are cut off obliquely and the cut surfaces applied to 

each other, the two scions being held secure by b^nds of 

string. 
Spore. The reproductive body of a flowerless plant, answer- 
ing to the seed of a flowering plant. It contains no em- 
bryo. 
Sport. A marked new variety or form, coming from either a 

seed or a bud without any apparent reason. Commonly 

and properly restricted to forms originating from buds ; a 

bud-variety. 
Spur. A very short and small branch bearing leaves or flowers. 
Stalk. In descriptions of apples and similar fruits, the stem 

or pedicel. 
Stamen. That portion of the flower which bears the pollen. 

It consists of the anther and filament. It is the male organ 

of the plant. 
Staminate. Bearing stamens alone ; male. 
Stem. That portion of the plant which bears leaves or buds, 

or both. It may be aerial or subterranean. 
Stigma. The upper extremity of the pistil upon which the 

pollen is received. It is usually more or less papillose and 

glutinous. 
Stipule. A more or less leaf-like and usually small appendage 

at the base of a petiole. Stipules are borne in pairs, but 

they are not always present. 
Stock. 1. The parentage of a particular strain or variety. 

2. A plant or part of a plant upon which a bud or graft is 

set. 
Stolon. A decumbent shoot which roots at or near the tip, as 

the shoots of black raspberries. 
Stove. A very warm glass house, used for growing tropical 

plants. 



GLOSSARY. 291 

Strain. A sub-variety, or individuals of a variety, which has 
been improved and bred under known conditions. 

Stub. A portion of a trunk or branch which has been recently 
grafted. Usually applied to top-grafting. 

Style. The more or less slender portion of the pistil connect- 
ing the stigma and ovary. 

Tongue-graft. Whip-graft. 

Top-grafting. Grafting upon the top of a plant. 

Tree. A woody plant attaining the height of a man or more, 
and having a definite central stem or trunk. 

Truss. Loosely applied to clusters of flowers or fruits. 

Tuber. A prominently thickened root or stem, usually subter- 
ranean. 

Umbel. A flower-cluster which is flat or flattish on top, and 
whose pedicels start from a common point, or nearly so. 

Variety-hybrid. A cross between varieties of the same 
species ; half-breed ; cross-breed ; mongrel. 

Vegetable. 1. A plant. 2. In horticulture, an edible por- 
tion of an annual plant ; kitchen-garden vegetable. In the 
latter sense a loose term. 

Vegetable-gardening. The cultivation of kitchen-garden 
vegetables ; olericulture. 

Vegetation. 1. Vegetable or plant life. 2. The process or 
act of vegetating or growing. 

Veneer-graft. A sort of grafting in which the scion is applied 
to the side of the stock, only the bark being removed be- 
tween them. 

Viticulture. Grape-culture. 

Weed. A plant which grows where it is not wanted and 
which becomes troublesome. 

Whip-graft. A species of grafting in which the scion is 
secured to the stock by means of a tongue which is inserted 
iu a cleft in the stock ; tongue-graft. 

Wilding. A wild or uncultivated plant. Commonly used to 
designate the wild individuals of a cultivated species. 

Wind-shake. An injury to the trunk of a tree, consisting of 
the more or less complete separation of the concentric 



292 horticulturist's rule-book. 

annual layers or of the separation of the bark from the 

wood. The injury is commonly ascribed to the wind, but 

it is oftener due to frost and other causes. 
Winter-killing. The process or act by which a plant is killed 

by the climate of winter. 
■Worm. A term properly applied to a large class of legless 

articulated animals of which the angleworm, or earthworm, 

and trichina, are examples. The term is commonly, but 

improperly, applied to the larvae of insects. 



INDEX. 



Abies pectinata, seeds of, 108. 

Abraxis ribearia, 27. 

Abutilon, classification, 254. 

Acacias, classification, 254. 

Acanthacara similis, 3S. 

Acer dascycarpum, seeds of, 103. 

Acer platanoides, seeds of, 108. 

Acer rubrum, seeds of, 103. 

Acer saccharinum, seeds of, 108. 

Aconite, classification, 253. 

Acorus gramineus, 165. 

Acre, number of plants on, 115. 

Acre, quantity of seed for, 98. 

Acrobasis Vaccinni, 25. 

Acrocystis Batatas, 74. 

Actinomena Rosae, 71. 

Adiantum cuneatum, 164. 

Adiantum gracillimum, 164. 

Adonis, classification, 253. 

JEsculus, classification, 254. 

^sculus glabra, seeds of, 103. 

Agave, classification, 257. 

Agriculture, department of, 239. 

Agrotis, 27. 

Ailanthus glandulosus, seeds of, 103, 

Ailanthus, weight of seeds, 103. 

Alcohol for preserving, 188. 

Alcoholic waxes, 86. 

Alder, classification, 257. 

Alkali and oil, wash, 9. 

Allen, Charles L., book by, 280. 

Almond, disease of, 52. 

Almond, stocks for, 127. 

Almonds, classification, 254. 

Aloes and soda, 14. 

Aloes, classification, 257. 

Aloysia citriodora, 164. 

Althaea, classification, 254. 

Alyssum, classification, 258. 



Amaryllis famCy, 257. 
Ambergris, in perfumery, 190. 
American Blight, 20. 
American Carnation Soc, 208. 
American Chrysanthemum Soc, 20S 
American Florists, rules, 195. 
American Pom. Soc, rules, 193, 201. 
American Kose Soc, 208. 
Ammonia, sulphate of, 273. 
Ammoniacal carbonate of copper, 46. 
Ampelideae, classification, 254. 
Ampelophaga Myron, 30. 
Amphicerus bicaudatus, 21. 
Analyses, 260-276. 
Anarsia lineatella, 86, 44. 
Angles of roofs, 159. 
Angleworm, 17. 
Angoumois Grain-Moth, 25. 
Anise, classification, 255. 
Anthomyia Eaphani, 40. 
Anthonomus quadrigibbus, 18. 
Anthonomus suturalis, 25. 
Anthonomus signatus, 44. 
Ants, 32. 
Aphides, 17. 
Aphids, fumigating, 6. 
Aphis, 17. 
Aphis Forbesii, 44. 
Aphis, on house plants, 164. 
Aphis Persic«-niger, 35. 
Aphodius granarius, 24. 
Aponogetous, 165. 
Apothecaries' measure, 181. 
Apothecaries' weight, 129. 
Apple boxes, 144. 
Apple, diseases of, 58. 
Ajiple, how multiplied, 127, 
Apple, insects of, 17. 
Apple-Maggot, 18. 

293 



294 



INDEX. 



Apple, stocks for, 127. 

Apples, analyses of, 260, 263, 264, 266. 

Apples, classification, 254. 

Apples, contents of bins, 150. 

Apples, measures, 140, 142, 143. 

Apples, pollination of, 122. 

Apples, storing, 168. 

Apples, to measure in bins, 150. 

Apples, weights of, 149. 

Apples, wholesale quantities, 148. 

Apples, yield of, 124. 

Apricot boxes, 146. 

Apricot, disease of, 54. 

Apricot, insects of, 21. 

Apricot, stocks for, 128. 

Apricots, analysis of, 260. 

Apricots, classification, 254. 

Aquatic plants, 164, 165. 

Arkansas, weight in, 140, 

Arsenate of lead, 2. 

Arsenate of soda, 2. 

Arsenate of soda, on walks, 84. 

Arsenic, 1. 

Arsenic acid, for herbaria, 181. 

Arsenite of soda on walks, 84. 

Arsenites, 2. 

Arsenites and glue, wash, 6. 

Arsenites and soap, 13. 

Artichoke, analysis of, 264. 

Artichoke, classification, 255. 

Artichoke, yield of, 125. 

Artificial flowers, 186. 

Artificial stone, to make, 94. 

Artipus Floridanus, 34. 

Artotrogus DeBaryanus, 58. 

Asafoetida for rabbits, 80. 

Ascochyta EUisii, 60. 

Ascomyces deformans, 64. 

Ash, classification, 255. 

Ash, seeds of, 103, 104. 

Ashes, analyses of, 275, 276. 

Asparagus, analyses of, 263, 264, 

Asparagus, classification, 257. 

Asparagus, insects of, 21. 

Asparagus medeoloides, 166. 

Aspidiotus perniciosus, 42. 

Aster, disease of, 54. 

Aster- Worm, 22. 

Attar of roses, 190. 

Audoynaud process, 48. 

Auriculas, classification, 256. 



Austrian money, 138. 

Avoirdupois pound, in various states 

143. 
Avoirdupois weight, 129. 
Awards, rules for, 201. 
Azaleas, classification, 255 
AzoUa Caroliniana, 165. 

Babiana, classification, 257. 

Bacillus Cloacae, 57. 

Baedeker, money table, 139. 

Bag- Worm, 22. 

Bailey, L. H., books by, 229, 234. 

Bailey, tomato score, 209. 

Bait, 4. 

Balaninus, 24. 

Balm of Gilead, disease of, 54. 

Balsam of fir, 7. 

Bananas, wholesale quantities, 148. 

Bandage, waxed, 88. 

Barberry, how multiplied, 127. 

Barberry, seeds of, 103. 

Barker, Michael, book by, 230. 

Bark-Lice, 17. 

Bark-Louse, Apple, 18. 

Barley, analysis of, 263. 

Barnard, Charles, book by, 229. 
jj Barnyard manure, analyses, 268. 

Barometer indications, 220. 

Barrels, mending, 91. 

Barry, P., book by, 234. 

Baryta, carbonate of, for mice, 78. 

Basket plants, 164. 

Basket- Worm, 22. 

Basswood family, 254. 

Basswood, seeds of, 103. 

Battles' scale of points, 214. 

Bean-Bug, 22. 

Bean, disease of, 54. 

Beans, analyses of, 264. 

Beans, bushel of, 140. 

Beans, classification, 254. 

Bean^ Oieen or Snap, yield o{^ 125 

Bea\i8, Lima, yield of, 125. 

Bean- Weevil, 22. 
I Bearing age of plants, 123. 

Beeches, classification, 257. 

Beefsteak geranium, 164. 

Bees, number in a pound, 150. 

Beeswax grafting-wax, 86. 

Beet, diseases of, 54. 



INDEX. 



295 



Beets, analyses of, 263, 264, 267. 
Beets, weight of, 141. 
Beets, yield of, 125. 
Begonias, 164, 165. 
Belladonna, classification, 256. 
Bellis perennis, 1C6. 
Bembecia marginata, 40. 
Benzine, 4. 

Berberis Aquifolium, 246. 
Berbeiis vulgaris, seeds of, 103. 
Berries, weight of, 141. 
Berries, wholesale quantities, 149. 
Betula alba, seeds of, 104. 
Bichloride of mercury, 48. 
Biggie, Jacob, book by, 234. 
Bins, contents of, 150. 
Birch-bark, 11. 
Birch, seeds of, 104. 
Birches, classification, 257. 
Bird-poisons, SO. 
Bisulphide of carbon, 4. 

Bisulphide of carbon and kerosene, 5. 

Blackberries, analysis of, 263. 

Blackberries, classification, 254, 

Blackberries, weight of, 141, 150. 

Blackberry, diseases of, 55. 

Blackberry, how multiplied, 127. 

Blackberry, insects of, 22. 

Blackberry, yield of, 125. 

Black-Knot, 68. 

Black, J. J., book by, 234. 

Black Locust, seeds of, 104. 

Black-Kot of grapes, 59. 

Bleeding, to prevent, 89. 

Blepharida Rhois, 44. 

Blight, of pear, 66. 

Blister-Beetle, 22. 

Blood, analysis, 273. 

Blood, for rabbits, 79. , 

Blood, in cement, 91. 

Blueberries, analysis of, 268. 

Blue-grass, S3. 

Blue-grass seed, bushel of, 140. 

Blue \itriol, 49. 

Bog plants, 165. 

Boiler cements, 90. 

Boiler estimates, 156. 

Boilers, mending, 90, 91. 

Boilers, to protect, 160. 

Bone-black, analyses, 272, 273. 

Bone charcoal, analysis, 273. 



Bones, analyses of, 273. 
Books, list of, 229. 
Borax, in glue, 96. 
Bordeaux mixture, 47. 
Borders, concrete for, 92, 9S. 
Borer, Currant, 26. 
Borer, Flat-headed, 19. 
Borer, Pin-hole, 36. 
Borer, Round-headed, 20. 
Boric acid preservative, 187. 
Boston, dates for sowing at, 109. 
Bostrichus bicaudatus, 21. 
Botanical Club rules, 200. 
Botrytis vulgaris, 62. 
Bottles, preparing old, 189. 
Bottom onion sets, weight of, 141 

Box elder, seeds of, 103. 

Boxes for fruits, 142-147. 

Bran, in bait, 4. 

Bread-fruit, classification, 256. 

Brickwork, 92. 

Brill, Francis, books by, 232. 

Bruchus obtectus, 22. 

Bruchus Pisi, 85. 

Brunswick green, in cement, 92. 

Bucculatrix, 17.' 

Buckwheat, analysis of, 268. 

Buckwheat, bushel of, 140. 

Budding, 126. 

Bud-Moth, 18. 

Buhach, 10. 

Bulletins, 238. 

Bunch, 148. 

Bundle, 148. 

Burning insects, 5. 

Burpee, W. Atlee, books by, 282. 

Bush & Son & Meissner, book by, 284 

Bushel, standards, 140. 

Buttercup, classification, 253. 

Butternut, classification, 256. 

Butternut, seeds of, 103. 

Buttonwood, disease of, 55. 

Cabbage, analyses of, 264. 
Cabbage, classification, 258. 
Cabbage, Club-root, 55. 
Cabbage, insects of, 22. 
Cabbage, keeping, 16S. 
Cfpoma luminatum, 71. 
California fruit packages, 144-147. 
California, rabbit poisons, 79, 80. 



296 



INDEX. 



California scores, 209. 

California, weights in, 140. 

Caltha palustris, 165. 

Campbell, Ella Grant, book by, 230. 

Camphor for mice, 78. 

Canada thistle, 83. 

Canadian score cards, 209. 

Caue-Borer, 40. 

Canker-Worm, 19. 

Capacities of pipes and tanks, 151, 152. 

Caraway, classification, 255. 

Carbolic acid, 48. 

Carbolic acid and soap mixtures, 5. 

Carbolic acid and water, 5. 

Carbolic acid emulsion, 5. 

Carbolic acid on walks, 85. 

Carbolized plaster, 5. 

Carbon, bisulphide of, 4. 

Carbonate of baryta for mice, 78. 

Carbonate of copper, ammoniacal, 46. 

Carbonate of copper, cost, 46. 

Carbonate of copper, precipitated, 48. 

Cardoon, classification, 255. 

Carex, 85. 

Carman, E. 8., book by, 232. 

Carnation, classification, 253. 

Carnation, diseases of, 55. 

Carnation, Twitter, 23. 

Carpenter, E. C, on heating, 154. 

Carpocapsa pomonella, 19. 

Carrot, classification, 255. 

Carrot, insect of, 23. 

Carrots, analyses of, 263, 264, 267. 

Carrots, weight of, 141. 

Carrots, yield of, 125. 

Carya alba, seeds of, 103. 

Caryophyllaceae, 253. 

Castalia, classification, 253. 

Castanea vesca, var., seeds of, 103. 

Catalpa speciosa, seeds of, 103. 

Catchtlies, classification, 253. 

Cattle-feces, analyses, 268. 

Cattle-urine, analyses, 269. 

Caulifiower, analysis of, 264. 

Cauliflower, classification, 253. 

CauHflower, insects of, 23. 

Cedar apples, 53. 

Cedar, seeds of, 103. 

Celery, analysis of, 264. 

Celery, classification, 255. 

Celery, disease of, 56. 



Celery, insects of, 23. 
Celery, keeping, 169. 
Celsius thermometer, 153. 
Cements, 90. 
Cement wash, 5. 
Centigrade thermometer, 153. 
Cei-atocystis fimbriata, 73. 
Cercospora angulata, 58. 
Cercospora Apii, 56. 
Cercospora beticola, 54, 
Cercospora circumcissa, 52. 
Cercospora rosaecola, 71. 
Cercospora Violae, 76. 
Cereal grains, classification, 257, 
Chain measure, 131. 
Chalk, in cement, 90. 
Chautauqua grape figures, 178. 
Cheese, in cement, 91. 
Cherries, analyses of, 260, 264. 
Cherries, classification, 254. 
Cherries, weight of, 141. 
Cherry boxes, 145, 146. 
Cherry, diseases of, 56. 
Cherry, insects of, 23. 
Cherry, seeds of, 103. 
Cherry, stocks for, 128. 
Chestnuts, classification, 257. 
Chestnut, seeds of, 103. 
Chestnut-Weevil, 24. 
Chicorj'^, classification, 255. 
Chinese sacred lily, 164. 
Chiswick flower-pots, 160. 
Chorlton, William, book by, 234. 
Christmas rose, classification, 253. 
Chrysanthemum, classification, 25c 
Chrysanthemum, insects of, 24. 
Chrysanthemum, leaf-spot, 57. 
Chrysanthemum, scales of, 214. 
Chrysanthemum, species, 166. 
Chrysobothris femorata, 19. 
Cider, 150. 

Citrous fruits, scale of, 209. 
CitruUus, classification, 255. 
Citrus trifoliata, 128. 
Cladosporium carpophilum, 64. 
Cladosporium fulvum, 74. 
Cladosporium on orange, 63. 
Classification of horticulture, 258. 
Clay, grafting, 87. 
Clay, in cement, 90, 91. 
Clematis, classification, 253. 



INDEX. 



297 



Click -Beetles, 45. 

Clisiocainpa, 21. 

Cloth, for sash, 160. 

Cloth, paints for, 95. 

Cloth, waxed, 88. 

Clover, classification, 254. 

Club-root, 55. 

Coal ashes, analyses of. 275, 276. 

Coal-tar, for wounds, 88. 

Coal-tar fumes, 5. 

Coal-tar on walks, 85. 

Cobaea. classification, 256. 

Coccotorus scutellaris, 28. 

Cocoanut, classification, 257. 

Cocoanuts, how shipped, 150. 

Cocos Weddelliana, 164. 

Codlin-Moth, 19. 

Coleosporium Sonchi-arvensis, 54. 

Coleus, 164. 

Coleus, classification, 256. 

Collecting specimens, 180. 

Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum, 54. 

Colletotrichum Spinacese, 72. 

ColHngwood, H. W., book by, 234. 

Collodion for wounds, 89. 

Colorado, weights in, 140. 

Columbine, classification, 258. 

Commercial weight, 129. 

Compositae, 255. 

Compositions of various substances, 

260. 
Computation tables, 129. 
Concrete, 92. 
Coniferae, 257. 

Connecticut, weights in, 140, 141. 
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 20, 38. 
Convolvulaceae, 256. 
Cook's emulsion, 7. 
Copper, ammoniacal carbonate of, 46. 
Copper carbonate, cost of, 46. 
Copper, cement for, 91. 
Copper, precipitated carbonate, 48. 
Copper, sulphate of, 49. 
Copper sulphate, cost of, 46. 
Copperas, 5. 

Corn, analyses of, 263, 264, 266. 
Corn, bushel of, 140. 
Corn-cockle, classification, 253. 
Corn, contents of bins, 150. 
Corn, diseases of, 57. 
Corn, insects of, 24. 



Corn, sweet, weight, 150. 

Corn, to measure in bins, 150. 

Corn, jield of, 125. 

Corrosive sublimate, 48. 

Corrosive sublimate, for herbaria, 181. 

Corrosive sublimate preservative, 187. 

Corrosive sublimate wash, 6. 

Cotton, classification, 254. 

Cottonwood, disease of, 57. 

Cottonwood Leaf-Beetle, 39. 

Covent Garden measures, 147. 

Cowslip, classification, 253. 

Crambus, 24. 

Cranberries, analyses, 263, 266. 

Cranberries, classification, 255. 

Cranberries, weight of, 141. 

Cranberry bo.x in New Jersey, 142. 

Cranberry culture, 258. 

Cranberry, diseases of, 57. 

Cranberry, how multiplied, 127. 

Cranberry, insects of, 25. 

Cranberry, yield of, 125. 

Craponius inaequalis, 29. 

Cresses, classification, 253. 

Cricket, 40. 

Crinum, classification, 257. 

Crioceris Asparagi, 21. 

Crocus, classification, 257. 

Crosses, naming, 196, 198. 

Crowfoot family, 252. 

Crown-Gall, 41. 

Crows, 81. 

Crozier, A. A., book by, 232. 

Crozier, William, book by, 229. 

Cruciferse, 253. 

Crystallized fruit, 170. s 

Cubic measure, 132. 

Cucumber, analysis of, 264. 

Cucumber, diseases of, 58. 

Cucumber, insects of, 25. 

Cucumber, yield of, 125. 

Cucumbers, classification, 254, 

Cucumis flexuosus, 101, 105. 

Cucurbita moschata, 241. 

Cucurbitaceae, 254. 

Cultivation, periods of, 249. 

Cummins, D., book by, 232. 

Cupric steatite, 49. 

Cupuliferae, 257. 

Curculio, Apple, 18. 

Curculio, Grape, 29. 



298 



INDEX. 



Curculio, Plum, 20, 38. 
Curl of peach leaves, 64. 
Currant, diseases of, 58. 
Currant, how multiplied, 127. 
Currant, insects of, 26. 
Currant, yield of, 125. 
Currants, analyses of, 260, 263. 
Currants, weight of, 141. 
Customary weights, 140, 143. 
Customs rates, 219. 
Cut flowers, 166. 
Cutting bottles, 189. 
Cuttings, 126. 
Cut-Worm, 27. 
Cut-Worm, climbing, 27. 
Cut-Worn)S, bait for, 4. 
Cyanide bottle, 188. 
Cylindrosporium Padi, 67. 
Cyperus alternifolins, 164, 165. 
Cyperus Papyrus, 165. 
Cystopus Ipomoeae-panduranae, 74. 

Dactylopius adonidum, 33. 

Dahlia, insects of, 27. 

Daisy, ox-eye, 83. 

Dakotas, weight in, 141. 

Dakruma convolutella, 29. 

Dalmatian insect powder, 10. 

Damping-oflf, 58. 

Date, classification, 257. 

Dates for seed-soAving, 108. 

Dates of various fruits, 178. 

Datura Stramonium, 185. 

Day, J. W., books by, 232. 

Definitions, 277. 

Delaware, weights in, 140. 

Delphinium, classification, 253. 

Department of agriculture, 239. 

Depiessaria heraclina, 35. 

Derivetion of names, 247. 

Destroying affected parts, 48. 

Dewberry, how multiplied, 127. 

Dew-point, 222. 

Diabrotica, 26. 

Dianthus, classification, 253. 

Dill, classification, 255. 

Diplosis pyrivora, 37. 

Directory of Experiment Stations, 238, 

Distances for planting, 112, 113. 

Docks, 83. 

Dodders, classification, 256. 



Dolichos sesquipedalis, 100, 104. 

Doryphora decemlineata, 39. 

Dove-manure, analysis, 271.* 

Downing, A. J., book by, 2:M. 

Downing, Charles, book by, 234. 

Dried flowers, 181. 

Dried fruit, 149. 

Dried fruit boxes, 145. 

Dried fruits, packages for, 145. 

Dried peaches, weight of, 141, / 

Dried plums, weight of, 141. 

Dropsy, 63. 

Drying plants, 180. 

Dry measure, 130. 

Duck-manure, analysis, 271. 

Dutch money, 138. 

Dutch, names in, 243. 

Dwarf Junebeiry, how multiplied, 127 

Earthenware cement, 91. 

Earthworm, 17. 

Eau celeste, 48. 

Eau Grison, 49. 

Egg-plant, classification, 256. 

Egg-plant, insect of, 28. 

Egg-plant, yield of, 125. 

Eichhornia, 164, 165. 

Eisen, Gustav, book by, 234. 

Ekimis, 150. 

Elaphidion, 21. 

E\eme, 150. 

Elements, 259. 

Elliott, F. E., book by, 230. 

Eillwanger, attar of roses, 190. 

EUwanger, H. B., book by, 230. 

Elm, classification, 256. 

Elm, insects of, 28. 

Elm, seeds of, 103, 104. 

Emblematic flowers, 246. 

Emphytus maculatus, 44. 

Empoa albopicta, 27. 

Emulsion, kerosene, 7, 8, 

Endive, classification, 255. 

Endive, insect of, 28. 

Engle. leaf-prints, 185. 

Enghsh measures, 147. 

Enghsh money, 137. 

Enghsh sparrows, 81. 

Entomosporium maculatum, 66, 70. 

Entyloma Ellisii, 72. 

Epiphyllum truncatum, 164, 



INDEX. 



299 



Ericaceae, 255. 

Erysiphe Cichoracearum, 58, 75. 

Erysiphe Martii, 64. 

Erythi-oneura vitis, 31. 

Esteve process, 50. 

Eucharis, classification, 257, 

Eudemis botrana, 29. 

Eudioptis hyalinata, 33. 

Eudioptis nitidalis, 25. 

Eufitcliia ribearia, 27. 

Evaporated fruits, 149. 

E-xcrements, analyses of, 268. 

^Ixhibition, rules of, 201. 

Exhibition, specimens for, 187. 

Exoascus deformans, 64. 

Exoascus Pruni, 68. 

Experiment Station literature, 238. 

Experiment Stations, directory, 238. 

Fahrenheit thermometer, 153. 

Fairchild, on pollination, 122, 

Falconer, William, book by, 232. 

Fall Web-Worm, 19. 

Farmer, L. J., book by, 234. 

Feces, analysis, 268-271. 

Fences, wash for, 94. 

Ferns, in houses, 165. 

Ferns, statistics of, 258. 

Ferry, D. M. & Co., model garden, 119. 

Fertilization of fruits, 121. 

Fertihzers, analyses of, 26S, 271. 

Fertilizers, values of, 276. 

Fertilizing ingredients, values of, 276. 

Ficus elastica, 164. 

Fidia viticida, 30. 

Fig boxes, 145. 

Fig, classification, 256. 

Figs, grades of, 150. 

Figs, how multiplied, 127. 

Figs, keeping, 170. 

Filberts, classification, 257. 

Filices, 258. 

Fir, seeds of, 103. 

Fire-proof cement, 91. 

Fire-proof paint, 95. ^ 

Fire-Worm, 25. 

Fish, analysis of, 273. 

Fitz, James, books by, 232, 234. 

Flag weather signs, 225. 

Flat-headed Borer, 19. 

Flea-Beetle, IS. 



Flies, 11. 

Floors, cements for, 92, 98, 

Floral arrangements, 214. 

Floriculture, classification, 258. 

Florida fruit packages, 148. 

Florists' plants, 166. 

Flower gum, 97. 

Flower-pots, sizes, 159. 

Flower-pots, to clean, 161. 

Flower scores, 214. 

Flowers, artificial, 186. 

Flowers, books on, 230. 

Flowers, emblematic, 246. 

Flowers, registration of, 208. 

Flowers, to keep fresh, 186. 

Fluid measure, 131. 

Forcing, plants for, 165, 166, 167, 

Forcing, temperatures for, 167. 

Forest tree seeds, 103. 

Formalin, 188. 

Formica, 32. 

Formic acid preservative, 188, 

Forsythias, classification, 255, 

Four-striped Plant-Bug, 28. 

Fowler, A. B., book by, 229. 

Fragaria Indica, 164. 

Fraxiuus Americana, seeds of, 108. 

Fraxinus, classification, 255. 

Fraxinus sambucifolia, seeds of, 108. 

Fraxinus viridis, seeds of, 104. 

Freesia refracta, 164. 

French mone^^ 138. 

French, names in, 242. 

French waxes, 87. 

Fresenius, analyses by, 260. 

Frosts, to predict, 222. 

Fruit, measures, 140-147. 

Fruit packages, 143. 

Fruits, compositions of, 260. 

Fruits, distances for planting, 112. 

Fruits, keeping, 168. 

Fruits, i)ropagation of, 127. 

Fruits, to preserve, 187. 

Fuchsias, 164, 165. 

Fuller, A. S., books by, 229, 234, 235 

Fulton, Alexander, book by, 235. 

Fumigation, 6. 

Fungicides, 46. 

Fusarium niveum, 76. 

Fusicladium dendriticum, 58. 

Fusicladium pjrinum, 67. 



300 



INDEX. 



Galanthus, classification, 257. 

Galleruca xanthomehcna, 28. 

Gallons, in tanks and pipes, 151, 152. 

Galls, 41. 

Garden borders, cement for, 93. 

Gardeners, rules for, 193. 

Gary, Thomas A., book by, 235. 

Gas, for insects, 6. 

Gas-lime, analyses of, 276. 

Gelechia cereallella, 25. 

Georgia, dates for sowing in, 111. 

Georgia fruit packages, 144. 

Georgia, weights in, 140. 

Geraniums, 164, 165. 

German ivy, 164. 

German money, 138. 

German, names in, 243. 

German potash salts, 274. 

Germination of seeds, 99. 

Gilia, classification, 256. 

Gingko, classification, 257. 

Gipsy-Moth, 29. 

Girdling by mice, 77. 

Gironde, copper mixture of, 47. 

Glace fruit, 170. 

Gladiolus, classification, 257. 

Glass, cement for, 91. 

<llass, cooling of, by wind, 158. 

Glass, light reflected from, 158. 

Glazing, 161. 

Gleditschia triacanthos, seeds of, 103. 

Glceosporiura fructigenum, 53, 62. 

Gloeosporium necator, 70. 

Glceosporium nervisequum, 67. 

Gloeosporium Ribis, 58. 

Glossary, 277. 

Glue and arsenites wash, 6. 

(Jliies, 96. 

Goessmann, analyses by, 260, 262, 263, 

•265. 
G iff, emulsion, 8. 

G loseberries, analyses of, 260, 264. / 
G )Oseberries, keeping, 171. 
(i:»oseberries, weight of, 141. 
<i (oseberry, how multiplied, 127. 
(J >()seberry, insects of, 29. 
<!>.)seberry, mildew, 59. 
G ).>seberry, yield of, 125. 
<r M»se-manure, analysis, 271. 
G ipher remedies, 80. 
(Jossj'pium, classification, 254. 



Gourds, classification, 255. 

Grades of fruit, 143. 

Grades of fruits, etc., 150. 

Grading fruit, 176. 

Grafting, 126, 127. 

Grafting waxes, 86. 

Grains, cereal, 257. 

Graminae, 257. 

Grape boxes, 145. 

Grape, diseases of, 59. 

Grape, how multiplied, 12T. 

Grape, insects of, 29. 

Grape, yield of, 125. 

Grapes, analyses of, 260, 268, 264, 

Grapes, classification, 254. 

Grapes, harvesting, etc., 178. 

Grapes, keeping, 171. 

Grapes, pollination of, 122. 

Grapes, weight of, 141, 150. 

Grapes, wholesale quantities, 149. 

Graptodera chalybea, 30. 

Grass family, 257. 

Grass seed, bushel of, 140. 

Grass seed, for lawns, 82, 83. 

Grasses, as weeds, 83. 

Grasshoppers, 31. 

Grasshoppers, bait for, 4. 

Grate surface, 154. 

Gray, Asa, book by, 229. 

Gray, Dr., herbarium poison, 181. 

Green, S. B., book by, 235. 

Green, W. J., dried berries, 150. 

Green-Fly, 17, 32. 

Greenhouse heating, 154. 

Greenhouse heating, book on, 229. 

Greenhouse work, etc., 154. 

Gregory, J. J. H., books by, 233. 

Greiner, T., books by, 233. 

Grison hquid, 49. 

Ground-Squirrel remedies, 80. 

Grout, 92. 

Gryllotolpa borealis, 39. 

Guano, analysis, 271. 

Guernsey lil}^ classification, 257. 

Gum-ammoniac, 91. 

Gum-galbanum, 91. 

Gum-mastic, 91. 

Gum or glue, 97. 

Gurney, C. W., book by, 286. 

Gymnosporangium, 53. 

Gypsum, analysis of, 275. 



INDEX. 



301 



Hackberrj', classification, 256. 

Hair, for plastering, 92. 

Half-sieve, 147. 

Halliday, Robert J., books by, 230. 

Haltica rufipes, 36. 

Haltica striolata, 28. 

Hand, 148. 

Hanging plants, 164. 

Harcourt, Helen, book by, 235. 

Hardy catalpa, seeds of, 103. 

Hardy vegetables, 112. 

Harlequin Cabbage-Bug, 23. 

Harris, Joseph, book by, 233. 

Hay, estimate of stacks, 151. 

Hazels, classification, 257. 

Healing-paint, 88. 

Heath faiujly, 255. 

Heating greenhouses, 154. 

Heinrich, Julius J., book by, 230. 

Helianthus tuberosus, 241. 

Heliothis armiger, 45. 

Hellebore, classification, 257. 

Hellebore, white, 16. 

Helotropha atra, 24. 

Hemp, classification, 256. 

Henderson, dates for sowing, 110. 

Henderson, Peter, books by, 229, 230, 

233. 
Hen-manure, analysis, 271. 
Herbarium, poisons for, 181. 
Herbarium specimens, 180. 
Heterodera radicicola, 41. 
Heterosporium echinulatum, 56. 
Hibiscus, classification, 254. 
Hickories, classification, 256. 
Hickory (Shellbark), seeds of, 103. 
Hilgard's wash, 14, 50. 
Hills, William H., book by, 235. 
Hinges, to preserve, 96. 
Hippeastrum, classification, 257. 
Histories and names, 247, 249. 
Hoffmann, on phenology, 227. 
Hollyhock-Bug, 32. 
Hollyhock, classification, 254. 
Hollyhock disease, 62. 
Honesty, classification, 253. 
Honey-locust, seeds of, 103. 
Hop, classification, 256. 
Hornbeam, classification, 257. 
Horse-chestnuts, classification, 254. 
Horse-chestnut, seeds of, 103. 



Horse-feces, analysis, 269. 
Horseradish, analysis of, 264. 
Horseradish, classification, 253, 
Horseradish, yield of, 125. 
Horse-urine, analysis, 269. 
Horticulture, classification of, 258. 
Hoskin's wax, 88. 
Hotbed sash, 160. 
Hot iron for bleeding vines, 89. 
Hot water for insects, 7. 
Household measures, 133. 
House-plants, insects, 32. 
Hubbard-Riley emulsion, 7. 
Huckleberries, classification, 255. 
Human feces, analysis, 270. 
Human urine, analysis, 270. 
Hunt, M. A., book by, 231. 
Husk tomato, classification, 256. 
Husmann, books by, 235. 
Hutchins, Rev. W. T., book by, 231. 
Hyacinths, 164. 
Hyacinths, classification, 257. 
Hybrids, naming, 196, 198. 
Hydrocleys Commersonii, 165. 
Hydrocyanic gas, 6. 
Hyphantria cunea, 19. 

Illinois, weights in, 140. 
Impost rules, 215. 
Inarching, 126. 
Indiana, weights in, 140, 141. 
Indian corn, classification, 257. 
Ink for labels, 192. 
Insecticides, 1. 
Insects, 17-45. 
Insects, collecting, 188. 
Iowa, weights in, 140, 141. 
Ipomoea pandurata, 74. 
Iridaceae, 257. 
Iris, classification, 257. 
Iris family, 257. 
Iron, cement for, 90. 
Iron-filings, in cement, 90, 91. 
Iron, hot, for bleeding vines, 89. 
Iron, sulphate of, 5, 50. 
Ironwood, classification, 257. 
Isosoma vitis, 29. 
Italian money, 138. 
Italian, names in, 243. 
Ivory-black, in cement, 92. 
Ixia, classification, 257. 



302 



INDEX. 



Jasmine, classification, 255. 

Jewelers' weight, 129. 

Johnson, Kev. E. A., book by, 231. 

Johnson, S. W., analyses by, 260. 

Journals, list of, 236. 

Judging fruits and flowers, 208. 

Juglandaceae, 256. 

Juglans cinerea, seeds of, 103. 

Juglans nigra, seeds of, 103. 

Juncus etfusus, variegated, 166. 

Juneberries, classification, 254. 

June-grass, 83. 

Juniperus Virginiana, seeds of, 103. 

Junk, 148. 

Kainit, analysis of, 275. 
Kainit for insects, 10. 
Kansas, weights in, 140, 141. 
Katydid, 34, 38. 
Kedzie, analyses by, 262. 
Kedzie, on frosts, 222. 
Keeping fruits, 168. 
Keeping-power of seeds, 104. 
Kemp, Edward, book by, 231. 
Kentucky, weights in, 140, 141. 
Kerosene and bisulphide carbon, 5. 
Kerosene and condensed milk emul- 
sion, 8. 
Kerosene and milk emulsion, 8. 
Kerosene and water emulsion, 8. 
Kerosene emulsion, 7. 
Kerosene for insects, 7. 
Kerosene to preserve fruits, 188. 
Kettles, mending, 91. 
Kitchen garden, model, 119. 
Knitting cotton for grafting, 88. 
Kohlrabi, classification, 253. 
Kohlrabi, yield of, 125. 

Labels, 191. 
Labels, gum for, 97. 
Labiatse, 256. 
Lachnosterna fusca, 32. 
Lacy, T. Jay, book by, 235. 
Lady-slippers, classification, 257. 
Laestadia Bidwellii, 59. 
Lamborn, L. L., book by, 231. 
Lampblack, in cement, 92. 
Land plaster, analysis, 275. 
Landreth, Burnet, book by, 233. 
Landscape gardening, books on, 229. 



Landscape horticulture, 258. 

Lansing, dates for sowing at, ^08. 

Larkspur, classification, 253. 

Laurels, classification, 255. 

Lavender bag, 190. 

Lawns, ants in, 32. 

Lawns, to make, 82, 83. 

Layering, 126. 

Lead, arsenate of, 2. 

Lead, red, for cement, 90. 

Leaf-Crumpler, 32. 

Leaf-Curl, 64. 

Leaf-Hopper 27. 

Leaf-Prints, 185. 

Leather, paints for, 95. 

Lecanium, 39. 

Lefort's Avax, 86. 

Legal weights, 140. 

Leguminosae, 254. 

Lelong, B. M., book by, 235. 

Lemon scores, 212. 

Lemons, wholesale quantities, 149. 

Lettuce, analyses of, 264. 

Lettuce, classification, 255. 

Lettuce, diseases of, 62. 

Lettuce, insects of, 32. 

Leuchars, on cooling glass, 158. 

Leucoium, classification, 257. 

Lice, 32. 

Lichen on trees, 62, 85. 

Light reflected from glass, 158. 

Ligustrum, classification, 256. 

Lilacs, classification, 255. 

Liiium Harrisii, 166. 

Lily family, 257. 

Lily-of-the-valley, 85, 166, 167. 

Lima bean, disease of, 54. 

Lime and soap, 13. 

Lime, in cement, 91. 

Lime, on walks, 84. 

Lime spray, 8. 

Limnanthemum, 165. 

Limnocharis Ilumboldtii, 165. 

Lina scripta, 39. 

Lindens, classification, 254, 

Linear measure, 131. 

Line measure, 131. 

Linseed oil, in cement, 90. 

Linseed oil, in washes, 94. 

Linseed oil, in wax, 86. 

Liquid manure, 163. 



INDEX. 



303 



Liquid measure, 130. 
Liquid putty, 161. 
Literature, '229. 
Litharge, in cement, 91. 
Live-forever, 83. 
Liver of sulphur, 50. 
Livingston, A. W., book by, 233. 
Lixus concavus, 41. 
Locusts, classification, 254. 
Lodenian, E. Gr., book by, 230, 
London purple, 2. 
Long, E. A., books by, 231. 
Longevity of fruit- plants, 124. 
Longevity of seeds, 104. 
Loudon's rules, 193. 
Louisiana, weights in, 140. 
Love-in-a-mist, classification, 253. 
Lunaria, classification, 253. 
Lychnis, classification, 253. 
Lycopersicum, classification, 256. 
L3'e and sulphur wash, 9. 
Lye and whale-oil soap, 9. 
Lye wash, 9. 

Lysimachia nummularia, 85. 
Lytta, 22. 

Maceration, skeletonizing by, 185. 
Madura aurantiaca, seeds of, 103. 
McMillan, William, book by, 231. 
McNeil, J. W., book by, 235. 
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 42. 
Macrosila quinquemaculata, 45. 
Macrosporium Solani, 69. 
Macrosporium Tomato, 75. 
Maggot, apple, 18. 
Maggot, cabbage, 23. 
Magnesia, sulphate of, 274. 
Magnolia family, 253. 
Mahernia odorata, 164. 
Mail rates, 215. 
Maine, weights in, 140, 141. 
Maize, diseases of, 57. 
Mallow family, 254. 
Malva, classification, 254. 
Malvaceae, 254. 
Mangels, analysis of, 263. 
Mangels, weight of, 141. 
Manure, liquid, 163. 
Manures, analysis of, 268. 
Manville, A. H., book by, 235. 
Maple disease, 62. 



Maple family, 254. 

Maple, seeds of, 103. 

Margaronia quadristigmalis, 39. 

Marguerite, 166. 

Market dates, 178. 

Marsh-marigold, classification, 253. 

Marvin, Arthur Tappan, book by, 235. 

Maryland, weights in, 140. 

Mason-work, estimates, 92. 

Massachusetts Hort. Soc. rules, 202. 

Massachusetts, weights in, 140, 141. 

Mastics, 86. 

Mathews' scale of points, 214. 

Mathews, F. Schuyler, book by, 231. 

Maturities of various crops, 123. 

May-Beetle, 32. 

May-Bug, 32. 

Maynard, lettuce mildew, 78. 

Maynard, wash, 78. 

Mealy Bag, 33, 164. 

Measures, legal, 140. 

Measures, miscellaneous, 132. 

Measures, tables of, 130. 

Medlar, stocks for, 128. 

Meech, W. W., books by, 235. 

Melampsora populina, 68. 

Melittia Ceto, 43. 

Melon boxes, 145. 

Melon disease, 63. 

Melon, insects of, 33. 

Melons, classification, 255. 

Melons, wholesale quantities, 149. 

Mercuric bichloride, 48. 

Metals, to prevent rusting, 96. 

Methylated spirit, in cement, 91. 

Metric tables, 134. 

Mice, to protect from, 77, 78. 

Michigan Hort. Soc. rules, 204. 

Michigan, weights in, 140, 141. 

Microcentrum retinervis, 34. 

Micrococcus amvlovorus, 66. 

Middlings, in bait, 4. 

Mineral pitch, 93. 

Minnesota, weights in, 140. 

Mint family, 256. 

Mints, classification, 256. 

Missouri, weights in, 140, 141. 

Mite, 33, 34. 

Mitzky, C, & Co., book by, 235. 

Model kitchen garden, 119. 

Mole-Cricket, 39. 



304 



INDEX. 



Money tables, 137. 
Moneywort, 85. 
Monilia fructigena, 56, 64. 
Monilochaetes infuscans, 73. 
Montana, weights in, 140, 141. 
Montbretla, classification, 257. 
Moore, Eev. T. W., book by, 235. 
Morning-glory family, 256. 
Mortars, 90. 
Morthiera Mespili, 66. 
Morton, James, books by, 231. 
Mosquito-bar covering, 81. 
Mosquitoes, 11. 
Moss, on lawns, 85. 
Moss, on trees, 62, 85. 
Moulton, F. C, quoted, 2. 
Mountain-ash, classification, 254. 
Mountain-ash, seeds of, 104. 
Mowing lawns, S3. 
Mulberries, analyses of, 260. 
Mulberry, classification, 256. 
Mulberry, how multiplied, 127. 
Mulbeny, stocks for, 128. 
Mules, naming, 198. 
Multiplication of plants, 126, 127. 
Murgantia histrionica, 23. 
Muriate of potash, 274. 
Mushroom-Fly, 34. 
Muskmelon disease, 63. 
Mustard family, 253. 
Myriophyllum proserpinacoides, 165. 
Myrtus communis, 164. 
Mytilaspis Pomorum, 18. 
Myzus Perftlcae, 36. 

Nails, to preserve, 96. 
Names, derivations of, 247. 
Names in various languiiges, 242. 
Names of plants, 241. 
Narcissus, 164. 
Narcissus, classification, 257. 
National flowers, 246. 
Native countries of plants, 249. 
Nebraska, weights in, 140. 
Nectarine, stocks for, 128. 
Negundo aceroides, seeds of, 103. 
Nelumbium, kinds of, 165. 
Nemaspora ampelicida, 60. 
Nematus ventricosus, 26. 
Nerine, classification, 257. 
Netting, bird, 81. 



Nettle family, 256. 

Nettles, classification, 256. 

Nevada, weights in, 140. 

New Hampshire, weights in, 140. 

New Jersey, weights in, 140. 

New York, dates for sowing at, 110. 

New York, weights in, 140. 

Nicotyl, 16. 

Nightshade, classification, 256. 

Nitrate of soda, 274. 

Niven, Robert, book by, 233. 

Nomenclature, rules of, 193-201. 

Norfolk, dates for sowing at, 110. 

North Carolina, weights in, 140. 

Nuciculture, 258. 

Number of plants on an acre, 115 

Nuphar advena, 165. 

Nursery stock, diseases of, 63. 

Nuts, dates of, 178. 

Nymphaea Lotus, 246. 

Nymphaea, species, 165. 

Nymphseaceae, 253. 

Oak family, 257. 
Oak-leaves, analysis of, 272. 
Oats, analysis of, 263. 
Oberea bimaculata, 40. 
Ochre, in waxes, 87. 
Ocneria dispar, 29. 
CEcanthus niveus, 40. 
(Edema, 63. 

Oemler, A., book by, 233. 
Oemler, dates for sowing. 111. 
Ohio, weights in, 140, 141. 
Oil and alkali wash, 9. 
Oil of vitriol on walks, 84. 
Olea, classification, 256. 
Oleaceae, 255. 

Olericulture, classification, 258. 
Olive, classification, 255. 
Olive, how multiplied, 127. 
Oncideres cingulatus, 38. 
Onion, analysis of, 264. 
Onion book, 233. 
Onion, classification, 257. 
Onion, diseases of, 63. 
Onion-Maggot, 34. 
Onion, yield of, 125. 
Onions, bushel of, 140. 
Onions, storing, 174. 
Oospora scabies on beet, 55. 



INDEX. 



305 



Oospora scabies on potatoes, 69. 

Orange disease, 63. 

Orange, how multiplied, 12T. 

Orange, insects of, 34. 

Orange packages, 143, 145. 

Orange scores, 209. 

Orange, stocks for, 123. 

Orange trees, distance for planting, 113. 

Oranges, analyses of, 261. 

Oranges, keeping, 1T4. 

Oranges, wholesale quantities, 149. 

Orchard culture, classification, 258. 

Orchidacese, 257. 

Orchid family, 257. 

Oregon, weights in, 140. 

Orgyia leucostigma, 21. 

Orris-root, 190. 

Orthotylus delicatus, 32. 

O sage-orange, classification, 256. 

Osage-orange, seeds of, 108. 

Oscinis, 24. 

Othonna crassifolia, 164. 

Othonnopsis cheirifolia, 164. 

Otto of roses, 190. 

Out-buildings, wash for, 94. 

Ouvirandra fenestralis, 165. 

Ox-eye daisy, 83. 

Packages for fruits, 142-147. 

Packing fruit, 176. 

Paint, estimates of, 96. 

Paints, 94. 

Paleacrita vernata, 19. 

Palm family, 257. 

Pansy rust, 63. 

Paper-birch, 77. 

Paper for artificial flowers, 186. 

Paper, for sash, 160. 

Paper, paint for, 96. 

Papers, list of, 236. 

Papilio Asterias, 34. 

Papyrus, 165. 

Paraffine oil, 7. 

Paris code, 197. 

Paris daisy, 166. 

Paris green, 3. 

Parsley, classification, 255. 

Parsley-Worm, 34. 

Parsnip, analysis of. 264. 

Parsnip, classification, 255. 

Parsnip, insects of, 35. 



Parsnips, weight of, 141. 

Parsnips, yield of, 125. 

Parsons, analyses by, 261. 

Parsons, Samuel, Jr., book by 281. 

Parsons, S. B., book by, 281. 

Partrigeon Bordeaux mixture, 47. 

Party fiowers, 246. 

Pattison, W. M., keeping grapes, 172. 

Pea boxes, 144, 147. 

Pea-Bug, 35. 

Pea mildew, 64. 

Pea-Weevil, 35. 

Pea, yield of, 125. 

Peach and other stone fruits, how 

multiplied, 127. 
Peach boxes, 146. 
Peach, diseases of, 64. 
Peach, insects of, 35. 
Peach, stocks for, 128. 
Peach, yield of, 125. 
Peaches, analyses of, 260, 262, 268. 
Peaches, classification, 254. 
Peaches, measures, 140, 142, 148. 
Peaches, weight of, 141. 
Peaches, wholesale quantities, 149. 
Pear boxes, 144, 147. 
Pear, diseases of, 66. 
Pear, how multiplied, 127. 
Pear, insects of, 37. 
Pear, stocks for, 128. 
Pear, yield of, 125. 
Pears, analyses of, 260, 264. 
Pears, barrel of, 142. 
Pears, classification, 254. 
Pears, pollination of, 121. 
Pears, storing, 174. ' 
Pears, wholesale quantities, 149. 
Peas, analyses of, 204, 266, 267. 
Peas, bushel of, 140. 
Peas, classification, 254. 
Pelargoniums, 164. 
Pennsylvania, weights in, 140. 
Peony, classification, 253. 
Pepper, yield of, 125. 
Perfumery, 190. 
Periodicals, list of, 286. 
Periwinkle, 85. 
Peronospora effusa, 72. 
Peronospora gangliformis, 62. 
Peronospora Schleideniana, 68. 
Peronospora Viol*, 63, 76. 



306 



INDEX. 



Peronospora vlticola, 61. 

Persian insect powder, 10. 

Persimmon, Japanese, stocks for, 128. 

Persimmon Twig-Girdler, 38. 

Persimmons, analj-sis, 261. 

Peruvian guano, 271. 

Phenic acid, 48. 

Ptienology, 226. 

Phiu, Jolin, book by, 235. 

Phlegethontius celeus, 45. 

Phlox Drummondii, classification, 256. 

Plilox family, 256. 

Phoma Batata', 73. 

Phoma ustulatum, 60. 

Phoma U varum, 60, 

Phoma uvicola, 59. 

Phorbia Brassicie, 23. 

Phorbia Ceparum, 34. 

Phosphorus for mice, 78. 

Phoxopteris comptana, 44. 

Phragmidium muerouatum, 72. 

Phycis indigenella, 32. 

Phyllosticta acericola, 62. 

Phyllosticta ampelopsidis, 60. 

Phyllosticta bataticola, 73. 

Phyllosticta Chenopodii, 72. 

Phyllosticta LabruscsB, 60. 

Pliyllosticta on beet, 54. 

Phyllosticta viticola, 60. 

PhVllotreta vittata, 28. 

Phylloxera, 30. 

Physalospora Bidwellii, 60. 

Phytophthora Cactorum, 58. 

Phytophthora infestans, 69. 

Phytophthora Pliaseoli, 54. 

Phytoptus Pyri, 37. 

Pickle-Worm, 25. 

Pieris llapae, 22. 

Pine family, 257. 

Pine, seeds of, 103. 

Pineapple, Katydid, 38. 

Pineapples, Avholesale quantities, 148. 

Pin-hole Borer, 36. 

Pink family, 253. 

Pinks, classification, 253. 

Pinus Strobus, seeds of, 103. 

Pipe, dimensions of, 157. 

Pipe, size of for heating, 156. 

Pipes, capacities of, 151. 

Pipes, mending, 91. 

Piqueria trincrvia, 166. 



Pistia Stratiotes, 166. 
Pitch, in washes, 94. 
Pitch, mineral, 93. 
Pitch waxes, 87. 
Plane tree, diseases of, 67. 
Plant diseases, 52. 
Planting-tables, 108. 
Plant-Lice, 17. 
Plants, collecting, ISO. 
Plants for houses, 164. 
Plants, number on an acre, 115. 
Plasmidiophora Brassicie, 55. 
Plasmopara Cubensis, 63. 
Plaster and kerosene, 10. 
Plaster and turpentine, 10. 
Plaster, carboHzed, 5. 
Plastering, estimates of, 92. 
Plastics, for gi-afting, 86. 
Plowrightia morbosa, 68. 
Plum boxes, 146. 
Plum, diseases of, 67. 
Plum, insects of, 38. 
Plum, stocks for, 128. 
Plum, yield of, 125. 

Plums, analyses of, 263, 264. 

Plums, classification, 254. 

Plums, pollination of, 122. 

Plusia Brassicae, 32. 

Podeschard's powder, 49. 

Podosph«ra Oxyacanth*, 53. 

Poecilocapsus lineatus, 28. 

Points, scales of, 208. 

Poisons, for herbarium, 181. 

Poisons for mice, etc., 78-81. 

Polemoniacea?, 256. 

Polemoniuin, classification, 256, 

Poll, Dr. Aser, 243. 

Polianthes. classification, 257. 

Pollination of fruits, 121. 

Polyanthuses, classification, 255. 

Polyporus versicolor, 67. 

Pomegranate, how multiplied, 127. 

Pomegranates, analysis, 261. 

Pomology, books on, 234. 

Pomology, classification, 258. 

Pomology, definition, 258. 

Pontederia cordata, 166. 

Poplar, disease of, 68. 

Poplar, insects of, 39. 

Portland cement, for concrete, 92-94. 

Postage rules, 215. 



INDEX. 



307 



Postal rates, 215. 
Posts, to preserve, 192. 
Potash for insects, 10. 
Potash, muriate of, 274. 
Potash, sulphate of, 274. 
Potassium sulphide, 50. 
Potato, classification, 256. 
Potato, diseases, 69. 
Potato, insects of, 39. 
Potato, yield of, 125. 
Potatoes, analyses of, 263, 264. 
Potatoes, contents of bins, 150. 
Potatoes, measures, 140, 142, 143. 
Potatoes, to measure in bins, 150. 
Pots, sizes, 159. 
Pots, to keep clean, 161. 
Potsherds, in cement, 90. 
Potting earth, 162. 
Potting plants, 162. 
Pottle, 148. 

Powell, E. C, books by, 231, 236. 
Preser\ing fruits, 187. 
Preserving posts, 192. 
Pressing plants, 180. 
Prim, insect of, 39. 
Primrose, Chinese, 164. 
Primrose family, 255. 
Primulacefe, 255. 
Printing plants, 184. 
Pristophora identidem, 25. 
Privet, classification, 255. 
Privet, insect of, 39. 
Promoting growth, 10. 
Propagation, methods of, 126, 127. 
Propagation of plants, 126, 127. 
Protective compounds, 94. 
Prunes, grading, 147. 
Prunus, classification, 254. 
Prunus Pennsylvanica, 128. 
Prunus serotina, seeds of, 103. 
Psychrometer, 222. 
Psylla pyricola, 37. 
Pteris serrulata, 164. 
Puccinia Malvacearum, 62. 
Puccinia Peckiana, 71. 
Puccinia Pruni-spinosae, 67. 
Pulse family, 254. 
Pumpkin, analvsls of, 264. 
Pumpkin, disease of, 70. 
Pumpkins, classification, 254. 
Punnet, 147. 



Putty, liquid, 161. 
Pyrethro-kerosene emulsion, 7. 
Pyrethrum, 10. 

Pyrethrum cineraria>folium, 10. 
Pjrethrum roseuni, 10. 
Pyrus Americana, seeds of, 104. 
P}rus, classification, 254. 
Pythium omnivorum, 58. 

Quantity of seed for acre, 98. 
Quassia, 11. 

Quicklime, in cement, 91. 
(iuin, recipes by, 182, 183. 
(Quince, diseases of, 70. 
Quince, how multiplied, 127. 
Quince, insects of, 39. 
Quince, pollination of, 122. 
Quince, stocks for, 128. 
Quince, yield of, 125. 
Quinces, barrel of, 142. 
Quinces, classification, 254. 
Quinces, storing, 174. 
Quinces, weight of, 141. 
Quincunx planting, 119. 
Quinn, P. T., books by, 233, 236. 

Rabbits, to protect from, 78-80. 

Radiating surface, 155, 156. 

Radish, analysis of, 264. 

Radish, classification, 253. 

Radish-Maggot, 40. 

Railroad-Worm, 18. 

Raisin boxes, 146. 

Raisins, grapes for, 150. 

Ramularia, 72. 

Rand, E. S., Jr., books by, 231, 232. 

Ranunculacefe, 252. 

Raspberries, analyses of, 260, 261, 263. 

Raspberries, black, how multiplied, 

127. 
Raspberries, classification, 254. 
Raspberries, dried, 150. 
Raspberries, red, how multiplied, 127, 
Raspberries, seeds in, 150. 
Raspberries, weight of, 141. 
Raspberry, diseases of, 70. 
Raspberry, insects of, 40. 
Raspberry, jield of, 125. 
Rats, 78. 

Rattles of grapes. 61. 
Rawson, dates for sowing, 109. 



308 



INDEX. 



Rawson, "W. W., books b)', 233. 

Reaumur thermometer, 153. 

Red lead, for cement, 90. 

Red ochre, in waxes, 87. 

Red pepper, classification, 256. 

Red spider, 40. 

Registration of flowers, 208. 

Resin and fish oil, 12. 

Resin and petroleum, 12. 

Resin and soda wash, 14, 

Resin soap, 12. 

Resin, soda, and tallow, 12. 

Resin wax, 86. 

Rexford, Eben E., book by, 232. 

Rhizopus nigricans, 73. 

Rhode Island, weights in, 140, 141. 

Rhodites radicum, 40. 

Rhodium, oil of, 79. 

Rhododendron Californicum, 246. 

Rhododendrons, classification, 255. 

Rhopobota vacciniana, 25. 

Rhubarb, analysis of, 264. 

Rhubarb-Curculio, 41. 

Ribes Grossularia, 59. 

Rice, analysis of, 263. 

Rice corn, weight of, 141. 

Robinia Pseudacacia, seeds of, 104. 

Roe, E. P., books by, 230, 236. 

Roestelia, 53. 

Roll, 148. 

Roofs, angles of, 159. 

Roofs, fight reflected from, 158. 

Roofs, shading, 161. 

Root, A. I., books by, 232, 236. 

Root crops, weight of, 141. 

Root-Gall, 41. 

Root Gall-Fly, 40. 

Root-grafting, string for, 88. 

Root-Knot, 41. 

Root-Louse, 20. 

Roots, measures of, 140-142. 

Roots, storing, 174. 

Rosaceae, 254. 

Rose-Beetle, 20, 42. 

Rose diseases, 71. 

Rose family, 254. 

Rose, insects of, 42. 

Roses, attar of, 190. 

Roses, classification, 254. 

Rosette, of peaches, 64. 

Rotation of crops, 13, 49. 



Round-headed Borers, 20. 
Royal Hort. Soc. rules, 195. 
Rubble-work, 92. 
Rules of nomenclature, 193. 
Rural Science Series, 236. 
Russian monej', 138. 
Rusting of metals, 96. 
Ruta-bagas, analyses of, 263, 267 
Ruta-bagas, weight of, 141. 
Rye, analysis of, 263. 

Sacidium \iticolum, 60. 

Sagittaria Montevidensis, 166. 

Sal ammoniac, in cement, 90. 

Salicylic acid preservative, 187. 

Salsify, classification, 255. 

Salsify, yield of, 125. 

Salt and lime wash, 13. 

Salt, in cement, 90. 

Salt on walks, 84. 

Salvinia natans, 166. 

Sand, drying plants in, 183. 

Sand, in cement, 91. 

Sanina exitiosa, 36. 

San Jose scale, 42. 

Saperda, 20. 

Sapindaceae, 254. 

Saponaria, classification, 253. 

Sarracenia purpurea, 166. 

Sash, cloth and paper for, 160. 

Sash, mending, 91. 

Saunders, William, book by, 286. 

Saxifraga sarmentosa, 164. 

Scab of potatoes, 69. 

Scale in boilers, 160. 

Scales of points, 208. 

Schaefell's healing-paint, 88. 

Schizocerus ebenus, 44. 

Schizoneura lanigera, 20. 

Sciapteron polistiformis, 30. 

Scirpus Tabernaemontani, 166. 

Scolytus rugulosus, 36. 

Score, 148. 

Score cards, 209, 214. 

Scott, F. J., book by, 232. 

Scraping trees, 85. 

Scribner, F. Lamson, book by, 28t 

Sea-kale, classification, 253. 

SeaHng cements, 92. 

Seasons of various fruits, 178. 

Seaweed, analysis, 272. 



INDEX. 



309 



Sediment, to prevent, 160. 

Sedum Sieboldli, 164. 

Seed, quantity for an acre, 98. 

Seedage, 126. 

Seed-crops, yields of, 107. 

Seeds, longevity of, 104. 

Seeds, number in a pound, 103. 

Seeds, time to germinate, 99. 

Seeds, weight and size of, 99. 

Seed-tables, 98. 

Selandria Cerasi, 24. 

Selandria Rubi, 40. 

Selandria vitis, 30. 

Self-fertile fruits, 121. 

Self-sterile fruits, 121. 

Sempers, F. "W., book by, 230. 

Senecio scandens, 164. 

Sensitive plant, classification, 254. 

Septoria cerasina, 6T. 

Septoria Dianthi, 56. 

Septoria, on chrysanthemum, 57. 

Septoria Ribis, 58. 

Septoria viticola, 60. 

Sesia Pyri, 37. 

Sesia tipuliformis, 26. 

Setting plants, dates of, 108. 

Shading roofs, 161. 

Sheehan, James, book by, 232. 

Sheep-feces, analysis, 269. 

Sheep, protecting trees from, 78. 

Sheep-urine, analysis, 269. 

Sieve, 147. 

Signals of weather bureau, 225. 

Signs of weather, 220. 

Silene, classification, 258. 

Silvanus Surinamensis, 24. 

Size of seeds, 99. 

Sizes, legal and society, 141, 143. 

Skeletonizing plants, 185. 

Skim-milk, in washes, 94, 95. 

Slate flour, for cements, 91. 

Small-fruit boxes, 145. 

Small-fruit culture, 258. 

Smoking, 6. 

Smudging, 6. 

Snails, 43. 

Snapping-Beetles, 45. 

Snow plant, classification, 255. 

Snuff, 13. 

SnufF and sulphur, 15. 

Soap and arseuites, 13. 



Soap and carbolic acid, 5. 
Soap and lime, 13. 
Soap and soda, 13. 
Soap and tobacco, 14. 
Soap, fish-oil, 14. 
Society standards and sizes, 148. 
Soda and aloes, 14. 
Soda and resin wash, 14. 
Soda and soap, 13. 
Soda and whale-oil soap, 14. 
Soda bisulphite preservative, 188. 
Soda, nitrate of, 274. 
Soda, resin, and tallow, 12. 
Soda, sulphide, 14, 
Soda wash, 14. 
Soja beans, analysis of, 263. 
Solanacese, 256. 
Solid measure, 132. 
Solly, George A. & Son, book by, 232 
Sorghum seed, analysis, 263. 
Sowing plants, dates of, 108. 
Spalding, "William A., book by, 236. 
Spanish money, 138. 
Spanish, names in, 243. 
Sparaxis, classification, 257. 
Sparrows, to destroy, 81. 
Specimens, bottles for, 189. 
Specimens, collecting, 180. 
Specimens, gum for, 97. 
Sphaceloma Ampelinum, 59. 
Sphaerella Fragariae, 72. 
Sphaeria Bidwellii, 60. 
Sphaeria morbosa, 68. 
Sphaeropsis Malorura, 70. 
Sphaeropsis uvarum, 60. 
Sphaerotheca Castagnei, 73. 
Sphaerotheca Mors-uvae, 59. 
Sphaerotheca pannosa. 71. 
Spinage, analysis of, 264. 
Spinage, diseases, 72. 
Spinage, yield of, 125. 
Spireas, classification, 254. 
Spraying, defined, 14. 
Spruce family, 257. 
Square measure, 132. 
Squash-Borer, 43. 
Squash, mildew, 72, 
Squashes, classification, 254. 
Squashes, keeping, 174. 
Squirrels, mischief by, 80. 
\ Standard measures, 140. 



310 



INDEX. 



State flowers, 246. 

States, legal measures in, 140. 

States, legal weights in, 140. 

Statistics of vegetable kingdom, 252. 

Stewart, Henry, book by, 230. 

Stewart, H. L., book by, 233. 

Stictocepbala festina, 45. 

Stocks, classification, 253. 

Stocks for fruit plants, 127. 

Stocks, to measure, 150. 

Stone cement, 91. 

Stone, to make artificial, 94. 

Storing, 168. 

Stoves, mending, 91. 

Strawberries, analyses, 260, 261, 264. 

Strawberries, classification, 254. 

Strawberries, pollination of, 122. 

Strawberries, weight of, 141. 

Strawberries, wholesale quantities, 149. 

Strawberry, diseases of, 72. 

Strawberry, how multiplied, 127. 

Strawberry, insects of, 43. 

Strawberry, yield of, 125. 

String, waxed, 88. 

Strong, W. C, book by, 236. 

Strychnine, 79. 

Stucco, in plastering, 92. 

Subtropical fruits, analyses, 261. 

Suet, in waxes, 87. 

Sugar-cane, classification, 257. 

Sulfo-steatite, 49. 

Sulphate of ammonia, 273. 

Sulphate of copper, 49. 

Sulphate of coi)per, cost, 46. 

Sulphate of iron, 5, 50. 

Sulphate of magnesia, 274, 

Sulphate of potash, 274. 

Sulphatine powder, 50. 

Sulphide of potassium, 50. 

Sulphide-of-soda wash, 14, 50. 

Sulphur, 15, 50. 

Sulphur and lime, 51. 

Sulphur and snuff, 15. 

Sulphur and whale-oil soap, 15. 

Sulphur, for preserving flowers, 182. 

Sulphur, for rabbits, 79. 

Sulphur, on walks, S4. 

Sulphur preservative, ls7. 

Sulphuret of potassium, 50. 

Sulphuric acid, 51. 

Sulphuric acid on walks, 84. 



Sulphurous acid preservative, 187 
Sumac, insects of, 44. 
Sunburn of strawberries, 72 ' 
Sunflower lamily, 255. 
Surface measure, 132. 
Surveyors' measure, 131, 132. 
Sweet corn, weight of, 150. 
Sweet herbs, classification, 256. 
Sweet potato, classification, 256. 
Sweet-potato diseases, 73. 
Sweet-potato Saw-Fly, 44. 
Sweet potatoes, storing, 175. 
Swine-feces, analysis, 270. 
Swine-urine, anatysis, 270. 
Symbols, chemical, 259. 
Synchytrium Vaccinii, 57. 
Syringa, classification, 256. 
Syrup, in bait, 4. 

Tables of weights, etc., 129. 

Taft, L. 11., book by, 230. 

Taft, on greenhouse roofs, 159. 

Tallies, 191. 

Tallow, in waxes, 86. 

Tallow, resin, and soda soap, 12. 

Tally, 148. 

Tanks, capacities of, 151, 152. 

Taphrina deformans, 64. 

Tar, 15. 

Tariff rates, 219. 

Tarred paper, 78. 

Tartar emetic for mice, 78. 

Temperatures for plants, 167. 

Tender vegetables, 112. 

Tennessee, weights in, 140. 

Tent-Caterpillars, 21. 

Teras vacciniivoraua, 25 

Termites, 45. 

Terry, T. B., books by, 234, 236. 

Tetranychus bimaculatus, 33. 

Tetranychus O-maculatus, 34. 

Tetranychus telarius, 40. 

Texas, weights in, 140. 

Thermometer scales, 153. 

Thermometer, wet and dry bulb, 222 

Thomas, J. J., book by, 236. 

Thompson, Fred S., book by, 284. 

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis, 22. 

Tigridia, classification, 257. 

Tilia Americana, seeds of. lOi 

Tiliaceie, 254. 



ESTDEX. 



311 



Timber, to preserve, 192. 
Tmetocera ocellana, 18. 
Toad-flax, 83. 
Tobacco, 16. 
Tobacco and soap, 14. 
Tobacco, classification, 256. 
Tobacco-stems, analysis, 272. 
Tomato, classification, 256. 
Tomato diseases, 74. 
Tomato, insects of, 45. 
Tomato score, 209. 
Tomato, yield of, 125. 
Tomatoes, keeping, 176. 
Tracy, W. W., model garden, 119. 
Tradescantia zebrina, 164. 
Trade values, fertilizers, 276. 
Transplanting, dates for, 108. 
Trapa natans, 1G6. 
Treat, Mrs. Mary, book by, 280. 
Tree-Cricket, 40. 
Trees, seeds of, 103. 
Trichobaris trinotata, 39. 
Trifolium repens, 246. 
Tritonia, classification, 257. 
Troy weight, 129. 
True cowslip, classification, 255. 
Tryon, J. H., book by, 236. 
Trypeta pomonella, 18. 
Tuberose, classification, 257. 
Tuberous begonias, book on, 232. 
Tulip, classification, 257. 
Tulip tree, classification, 253. 
Turnip, classification, 253. 
Turnip-Maggot, 45. 
turnip, yield of, 125. 
Turnips, analyses of, 263, 264, 267. 
Turnips, bushel of, 140. 
Turpentine, in emulsion, 7. 
Turpentine, in waxes, 87. 
Tussock-Moth, 21. 
Twig-Borer, 21. 
Twig-Pruners, 21. 
Twitter, of carnations, 28. 
Tyloderma Fragariae, 43. 
Typha latifolia, 166. 
Typhlocyba Rosae, 42. 

Ulmus Americana, seeds of, 104. 
Ulmus fulva, seeds of, 104. 
Ulmus racemosa, seeds of, 103. 
Umbelliferse, 255. 



Uncinula spiralis, 61. 
United States weather signs, 225. 
Urine, analysis, 269-271. 
Urocystis Cepulae, 63. 
Uromyces Betse, 55. 
Uromyces caryophyllinus, 56. 
Urticaceaj, 256. 
Ustilago Maydis, 57. 

Vallota, classification, 257. 

Vallota purpurea, 164. 

Values of fertilizing materials, 27d. 

Van Bochove, G., book by, 234. 

Vanessa antiopa, 45. 

Vaughan, J. C, book by, 234. 

Vegetables, books on, 232. 

Vegetables, compositions of, 266. 

Vegetables, date of sowing, 108. 

Vegetables, distances for planting, 118^ 

Vegetables for forcing, 165. 

Vegetables, keeping, 168. 

Vegetables, names of, 241. 

Vegetables, naming, 194. 

Vegetables, tender and hardy, 112. 

Venetian red, in waxes, 88. 

Verbena mite, 33. 

Verbena rust, 75, 

Vermont, weights in, 140, 141. 

Veratrum album, 16. 

Vicia Faba, 241. 

Victoria regia, 166. 

Vilmorin, seed-tables, 99, 104. 

Vinca minor, 85. 

Vinca variegata, 164. 

Vines, to prevent bleeding, 89. 

Violet, disease of, 76. 

Violet family, 253. 

Virginia, weights in, 140. 

Vitaceae, 254, 

Viticulture, classification, 258. 

Vocabulary, 277. 

Volutella, on carnation, 55. 

Waite, on pollination, 121, 122. 
Walks, concrete for, 92, 93. 
Walks, to make, 84, 92. 
Wallflower, classification, 258. 
Walls, washes for, 95. 
Walnut family, 256. 
Walnut, seeds of, 103. 
Wandering Jew, 164, 165. 



312 



INDEX. 



Washes, for fences, etc., 94. 
Washes, for trees, 12-16, 50. 
Washington, weights in, 140, 141. 
Washington, wholesale quantities in, 

148. 
Water, in pipes and tanks, 151, 152. 
Water-lily family, 253. 
Watering plants, 163. 
Watering-pots, mending, 91. 
Watermelon, classification, 255. 
Watermelon, diseases of, 76. 
Watermelons, how shipped, 150. 
Watermelons, wholesale quantities, 

149. 
Waterproof cloth, 160. 
Water-proofing paints, 95. 
Waterproof paper, 160, 186. 
Watson, B. M., Jr., quoted, 126. 
Waxes, for grafting, 86. 
Weather, 220. 

Weather bureau signals, 225. 
Webb, James, book by, 236. 
Weber, analyses by, 261. 
Web-Worm, 19. 
Weed, C. M., books by, 230. 
Weeds, 82-84. 

Weidenraann, J., book by, 232. 
Weight of seeds, 99. 
Weights, legal, 140. 
Weights of apples, 149. 
Weights, tables of, 129. 
Wells, capacities of, 151. 
West Virginia, weights in, 140. 
Whale oil and soda, 14. 
Whale oil and sulphur, 15. 
Whale-oil soap, 16. 
Wheat, analysis of, 263. 
Wheat, bushel of, 140. 
Whistle weather signs, 226. 



White ants, 45. 
White hellebore, 16. 
White, J. J., book by, 236. 
White, William N., book by', 234. 
Whiting, in cement, 92. 
Whitner, J. N., book by, 234. 
Wholesale quantities, 148. 
Whortleberries, classification, 255. 
Wickson, E. J., book by, 236. 
Wickson, fruit packages, 144. 
Wild peaches, weight of, 141. 
Willow- Worm, 45. 
Wind, cooling glass, 158. 
Window-garden plants, 164. 
Window-garden work, 154. 
Window-screen protector, 78. 
Wintergreen, classification, 255. 
Wire-Worm, 45. 
Wisconsin, weights In, 140, 141. 
Wollf, analyses by, 264. 
Wood alcohol, in cement, 91, 
Wood, to preserve, 192. 
Woodward, F. W., book by, 236. 
Woodward, George E., book by, 286, 
Woolverton, score cards, 209. 
Wounds, waxes for, 38. 

Xyleborus Pyri, 87. 

Yellow ochre, in waxes, 87. 
Yellows, in peaches, 65. 
Yields, 124. 

Yields of seed-crops, 107. 
Yuccas, classification, 257. 

Zebrina pendula, 164. 

Zinc chloride preservative, 187. 

Zizania aquatica, 166. 



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(MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT) 

Each, $1.50 



The Garden of a Commuter's Wife 

Recorded by the Gardener, 'with eight photogravure iUustra.tions 

" • The Garden of a Commuter's Wife ' is a legend which gives no hint of 
the wit and wisdom and graceful phrase within its covers. The Commuter's 
charming woman writes of her suburban garden, her original servants, and 
various other incidents which come in the course of living in a thoroughly 
human way. She reminds one of Elizabeth of ' German Garden ' fame m more 
ways than one, but being American she is broader, more versatile and humor- 
ous, if not also more poetic. It breathes an air of cheery companionship, of 
flowers birds, all nature, and the warm affection of human friendship. Its 
philosophy is wholesome, unselfish, and kindly, and the Commuter's Wife, who 
writes her own memoirs, is one we would be glad to number among our 
friends." — The Evening Post, Chicago, 



People of the Whirlpool 

From the Experience Book of a. Commuter s Wife 
With eight illustrations 

"They who have read 'The Garden of a Commuter's Wife* know what to 
expect in this, 'The Experience Book' of the same delightful Barbara; but to 
the uninitiated, who light upon the book without preconceived ' notions ' of 
what it is, it will come with a double note of delight." 

— New York Times' Saturday Review. 

" The whole book is delicious, with wise and kindly humor, its just per- 
spectives of the true values of tilings, its clever pen pictures of people and 

customs, and its healthy optimism for the great world in general." 

— T/ie Evening Telegraph, Philadelphia. 



The Garden, You and I 

With a. Frontispiece in Colors and Other Illustrations 

" The garden and its flowers are the dominant interest, of course, but it is so 
managed that tliey shall serve as a setting for the human activities that engage 
a good share ot the reader's attention. There runs through the book that 
strong and hearty nature which is characteristic of all this author s work. 
Before everything else, it is an outdoor book. It tells for the most part the tale 
of the open-air seasons." — Brooklyti Eagle. 



OTHER NATURE BOOKS 
Four-Footed Americans ^^^ ^^^^'^ ^^^ 

<By MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT 

Edited by P'rank M. Chapman 
Illustrated by Ernest Seton Thompson 

" It deserves commendation for its fascinating style, and for the fund of in- 
formation which it contains regarding tlie familiar and many unfamiliar animals 
of this country. It is an ideal book for children, and doubtless older folk will 
find in its pages much of interest." — The Dial. 

" Books like this are cups of delight to wide-awake and inquisitive girls and 
boys. Here is a gossipy history of American quadrupeds, bright, entertaining, 
and thoroughly instructive. The text, by Mrs. Wright, has all the fascination 
that distinguishes her other outdoor books." — T/ie Independent. 

Cloth, i2mOf $t *50 net* School Library Edition, 50 cents net 



f^*x.* "D * A Scenes from Bird Life in 

Citizen OirCl Plain English for a Beginner 

By MABEL 0. WRIGHT and Dr. ELLIOTT COVES 

Profiisely Jlhistrated by Louis Agasstz Fuertes 

" "^Vhen two writers of marked ability in both literature and natural history 
unite to produce a work giving scope to their special talents, the public has 
reason to expect a masterpiece of its kind. In the ' Citizen Bird,' Ijy Mabel O. 
Wright and Dr. Elliott Coues, tliis expectation is realized — seldom is the plan 
of a book so admirably conceived, and in every detail so excellently fulfilled." 

— The Dial. 

" There is no other book in existence so well fitted for arousing and directing 
the interest that all children feel toward the birds." — Tribune, Chicago. 

Cloth f tlmOf $t *50 net* School Library Edition, 50 cents net 



Flowers and Ferns /^ tfteir Haunts 

<By MABEL OSGOOD WRIGHT 

Ne'w Edition* Cloth, t2mo, $2.00 net 

The subjects are treated in their relation to landscape — the whole bound 
together with a thread of narrative. The book thus has the fascination 
of romance, yet no better handbook could be found for the study of the flowers 
in their natural surroundings. There are over 50 full-page plates of the flowers 
where they live and grow, along the roadside, in wood or by river. In addition 
to these plates, there are over 100 illustrations in the text, made direct from 
photographs by the author and by J. H. McFarland. 



MAR 15 







LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




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